http://cnx.org/content http://cnx.org/content/col11406/1.7 col11406 College Physics 1.7 2012/01/23 13:03:30.293 US/Central 2012/06/12 16:12:05.303 GMT-5 College Physics OSC Physics Maintainer info@openstaxcollege.org OpenStax College OpenStax College info@openstaxcollege.org Rice University Rice University daniel@openstaxcollege.org OpenStaxCollege OpenStaxCollege cnxcap OSCRiceUniversity ac circuits atomic physics bioelectricity biological and medical applications circuits college physics collisions dc instruments drag elasticity electric charge and electric field electric current electric potential electrical technologies electromagnetic induction electromagnetic waves energy fluid dynamics fluid statics forces friction frontiers of physics gas laws geometric optics heat and transfer methods kinematics kinetic theory linear momentum magnetism medical applications of nuclear physics Newton’s Laws of Motion Ohm’s Law oscillatory motion and waves particle physics physics physics of hearing quantum physics radioactivity and nuclear physics resistance rotational motion and angular momentum special relativity statics and torque temperature thermodynamics uniform circular motion and gravitation vision and optical instruments wave optics work Mathematics and Statistics Science and Technology This introductory, algebra-based, two-semester college physics book is grounded with real-world examples, illustrations, and explanations to help students grasp key, fundamental physics concepts. This online, fully editable and customizable title includes learning objectives, concept questions, links to labs and simulations, and ample practice opportunities to solve traditional physics application problems. en http://openstaxcollege.org OpenStaxCollege Preface Introduction: The Nature of Science and Physics Introduction to Science and the Realm of Physics, Physical Quantities, and Units Physics: An Introduction Physical Quantities and Units Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures Approximation Kinematics Introduction to One-Dimensional Kinematics Displacement Vectors, Scalars, and Coordinate Systems Time, Velocity, and Speed Acceleration Motion Equations for Constant Acceleration in One Dimension Problem-Solving Basics for One-Dimensional Kinematics Falling Objects Graphical Analysis of One-Dimensional Motion Two-Dimensional Kinematics Introduction to Two-Dimensional Kinematics Kinematics in Two Dimensions: An Introduction Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods Projectile Motion Addition of Velocities Dynamics: Force and Newton's Laws of Motion Introduction to Dynamics: Newton’s Laws of Motion Development of Force Concept Newton’s First Law of Motion: Inertia Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Concept of a System Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Symmetry in Forces Normal, Tension, and Other Examples of Forces Problem-Solving Strategies Further Applications of Newton’s Laws of Motion Extended Topic: The Four Basic Forces—An Introduction Further Applications of Newton's Laws: Friction, Drag, and Elasticity Introduction: Further Applications of Newton’s Laws Friction Drag Forces Elasticity: Stress and Strain Uniform Circular Motion and Gravitation Introduction to Uniform Circular Motion and Gravitation Rotation Angle and Angular Velocity Centripetal Acceleration Centripetal Force Fictitious Forces and Non-inertial Frames: The Coriolis Force Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation Satellites and Kepler’s Laws: An Argument for Simplicity Work, Energy, and Energy Resources Introduction to Work, Energy, and Energy Resources Work: The Scientific Definition Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem Gravitational Potential Energy Conservative Forces and Potential Energy Nonconservative Forces Conservation of Energy Power Work, Energy, and Power in Humans World Energy Use Linear Momentum and Collisions Introduction to Linear Momentum and Collisions Linear Momentum and Force Impulse Conservation of Momentum Elastic Collisions in One Dimension Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension Collisions of Point Masses in Two Dimensions Introduction to Rocket Propulsion Statics and Torque Introduction to Statics and Torque The First Condition for Equilibrium The Second Condition for Equilibrium Stability Applications of Statics, Including Problem-Solving Strategies Simple Machines Forces and Torques in Muscles and Joints Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum Introduction to Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum Angular Acceleration Kinematics of Rotational Motion Dynamics of Rotational Motion: Rotational Inertia Rotational Kinetic Energy: Work and Energy Revisited Angular Momentum and Its Conservation Collisions of Extended Bodies in Two Dimensions Gyroscopic Effects: Vector Aspects of Angular Momentum Fluid Statics Introduction to Fluid Statics What Is a Fluid? Density Pressure Variation of Pressure with Depth in a Fluid Pascal’s Principle Gauge Pressure, Absolute Pressure, and Pressure Measurement Archimedes’ Principle Cohesion and Adhesion in Liquids: Surface Tension and Capillary Action Pressures in the Body Fluid Dynamics and Its Biological and Medical Applications Introduction to Fluid Dynamics and Its Biological and Medical Applications Flow Rate and Its Relation to Velocity Bernoulli’s Equation The Most General Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation Viscosity and Laminar Flow; Poiseuille’s Law The Onset of Turbulence Motion of an Object in a Viscous Fluid Molecular Transport Phenomena: Diffusion, Osmosis, and Related Processes Temperature, Kinetic Theory, and the Gas Laws Introduction to Temperature, Kinetic Theory, and the Gas Laws Temperature Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids The Ideal Gas Law Kinetic Theory: Atomic and Molecular Explanation of Pressure and Temperature Phase Changes Humidity, Evaporation, and Boiling Heat and Heat Transfer Methods Introduction to Heat and Heat Transfer Methods Heat Temperature Change and Heat Capacity Phase Change and Latent Heat Heat Transfer Methods Conduction Convection Radiation Thermodynamics Introduction to Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics and Some Simple Processes Introduction to the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Heat Engines and Their Efficiency Carnot’s Perfect Heat Engine: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Restated Applications of Thermodynamics: Heat Pumps and Refrigerators Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Disorder and the Unavailability of Energy Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: The Underlying Explanation Oscillatory Motion and Waves Introduction to Oscillatory Motion and Waves Hooke’s Law: Stress and Strain Revisited Period and Frequency in Oscillations Simple Harmonic Motion: A Special Periodic Motion The Simple Pendulum Energy and the Simple Harmonic Oscillator Uniform Circular Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion Damped Harmonic Motion Forced Oscillations and Resonance Waves Superposition and Interference Energy in Waves: Intensity Physics of Hearing Introduction to the Physics of Hearing Sound Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength Sound Intensity and Sound Level Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms Sound Interference and Resonance: Standing Waves in Air Columns Hearing Ultrasound Electric Charge and Electric Field Introduction to Electric Charge and Electric Field Static Electricity and Charge: Conservation of Charge Conductors and Insulators Coulomb’s Law Electric Field: Concept of a Field Revisited Electric Field Lines: Multiple Charges Electric Forces in Biology Conductors and Electric Fields in Static Equilibrium Applications of Electrostatics Electric Potential and Electric Field Introduction to Electric Potential and Electric Energy Electric Potential Energy: Potential Difference Electric Potential in a Uniform Electric Field Electrical Potential Due to a Point Charge Equipotential Lines Capacitors and Dielectrics Capacitors in Series and Parallel Energy Stored in Capacitors Electric Current, Resistance, and Ohm's Law Introduction to Electric Current, Resistance, and Ohm's Law Current Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Simple Circuits Resistance and Resistivity Electric Power and Energy Alternating Current versus Direct Current Electric Hazards and the Human Body Nerve Conduction–Electrocardiograms Circuits, Bioelectricity, and DC Instruments Introduction to Circuits, Bioelectricity, and DC Instruments Resistors in Series and Parallel Electromotive Force: Terminal Voltage Kirchhoff’s Rules DC Voltmeters and Ammeters Null Measurements DC Circuits Containing Resistors and Capacitors Magnetism Introduction to Magnetism Magnets Ferromagnets and Electromagnets Magnetic Fields and Magnetic Field Lines Magnetic Field Strength: Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field: Examples and Applications The Hall Effect Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor Torque on a Current Loop: Motors and Meters Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents: Ampere’s Law Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Conductors More Applications of Magnetism Electromagnetic Induction, AC Circuits, and Electrical Technologies Introduction to Electromagnetic Induction, AC Circuits and Electrical Technologies Induced Emf and Magnetic Flux Faraday’s Law of Induction: Lenz’s Law Motional Emf Eddy Currents and Magnetic Damping Electric Generators Back Emf Transformers Electrical Safety: Systems and Devices Inductance RL Circuits Reactance, Inductive and Capacitive RLC Series AC Circuits Electromagnetic Waves Introduction to Electromagnetic Waves Maxwell’s Equations: Electromagnetic Waves Predicted and Observed Production of Electromagnetic Waves The Electromagnetic Spectrum Energy in Electromagnetic Waves Geometric Optics Introduction to Geometric Optics The Ray Aspect of Light The Law of Reflection The Law of Refraction Total Internal Reflection Dispersion: The Rainbow and Prisms Image Formation by Lenses Image Formation by Mirrors Vision and Optical Instruments Introduction to Vision and Optical Instruments Physics of the Eye Vision Correction Color and Color Vision Microscopes Telescopes Aberrations Wave Optics Introduction to Wave Optics The Wave Aspect of Light: Interference Huygens's Principle: Diffraction Young’s Double Slit Experiment Multiple Slit Diffraction Single Slit Diffraction Limits of Resolution: The Rayleigh Criterion Thin Film Interference Polarization *Extended Topic* Microscopy Enhanced by the Wave Characteristics of Light Special Relativity Introduction to Special Relativity Einstein’s Postulates Simultaneity And Time Dilation Length Contraction Relativistic Addition of Velocities Relativistic Momentum Relativistic Energy Introduction to Quantum Physics Introduction to Quantum Physics Quantization of Energy The Photoelectric Effect Photon Energies and the Electromagnetic Spectrum Photon Momentum The Particle-Wave Duality The Wave Nature of Matter Probability: The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle The Particle-Wave Duality Reviewed Atomic Physics Introduction to Atomic Physics Discovery of the Atom Discovery of the Parts of the Atom: Electrons and Nuclei Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom X Rays: Atomic Origins and Applications Applications of Atomic Excitations and De-Excitations The Wave Nature of Matter Causes Quantization Patterns in Spectra Reveal More Quantization Quantum Numbers and Rules The Pauli Exclusion Principle Radioactivity and Nuclear Physics Introduction to Radioactivity and Nuclear Physics Nuclear Radioactivity Radiation Detection and Detectors Substructure of the Nucleus Nuclear Decay and Conservation Laws Half-Life and Activity Binding Energy Tunneling Medical Applications of Nuclear Physics Introduction to Applications of Nuclear Physics Medical Imaging and Diagnostics Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation Therapeutic Uses of Ionizing Radiation Food Irradiation Fusion Fission Nuclear Weapons Particle Physics Introduction to Particle Physics The Yukawa Particle and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Revisited The Four Basic Forces Accelerators Create Matter from Energy Particles, Patterns, and Conservation Laws Quarks: Is That All There Is? GUTs: The Unification of Forces Frontiers of Physics Introduction to Frontiers of Physics Cosmology and Particle Physics General Relativity and Quantum Gravity Superstrings Dark Matter and Closure Complexity and Chaos High-temperature Superconductors Some Questions We Know to Ask Atomic Masses Selected Radioactive Isotopes Useful Information Glossary of Key Symbols and Notation