Equality of Representation 2.6 2000/07/24 2004/08/09 11:57:08.933 GMT-5 Don Johnson dhj@rice.edu Don Johnson dhj@rice.edu Doug Daniels rainking@alumni.rice.edu signal square wave rms Gibbs Gibb's phenomenon mean square equality step function equality of representation Fourier series pointwise equality This module discusses signal equality. It looks at Gibb's phenomenon, and defines equality in the mean square and pointwise.

Fourier series approximation to sq t . The number of terms in the Fourier sum is indicated in each plot, and the square wave is shown as a dashed line over two periods.

When comparing the square wave to its Fourier series representation it is not clear that the two are equal. The fact that the square wave's Fourier series requires more terms for a given representation accuracy is not important. However, close inspection of does reveal a potential issue: Does the Fourier series really equal the square wave at all values of t ? In particular, at each step-change in the square wave, the Fourier series exhibits a peak followed by rapid oscillations. As more terms are added to the series, the oscillations seem to become more rapid and smaller, but the peaks are not decreasing. Consider this mathematical question intuitively: Can a discontinuous function, like the square wave, be expressed as a sum, even an infinite one, of continuous ones? One should at least be suspicious, and in fact, it can't be thus expressed. This issue brought Fourier much criticism from the French Academy of Science (Laplace, Legendre, and Lagrange comprised the review committee) for several years after its presentation on 1807. It was not resolved for also a century, and its resolution is interesting and important to understand from a practical viewpoint. The extraneous peaks in the square wave's Fourier series never disappear; they are termed Gibb's phenomenon after the American physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs. They occur whenever the signal is discontinuous, and will always be present whenever the signal has jumps. Let's return to the question of equality; how can the equal sign in the definition of the Fourier series be justified? The partial answer is that pointwise--each and every value of t --equality is not guaranteed. What mathematicians later in the nineteenth century showed was that the rms error of the Fourier series was always zero. K rms ε K 0 What this means is that the difference between an actual signal and its Fourier series representation may not be zero, but the square of this quantity has zero integral! It is through the eyes of the rms value that we define equality: Two signals s 1 t , s 2 t are said to be equal in the mean square if rms s 1 s 2 0 . These signals are said to be equal pointwise if s 1 t s 2 t for all values of t . For Fourier series, Gibb's phenomenon peaks have finite height and zero width: The error differs from zero only at isolated points--whenever the periodic signal contains discontinuities--and equals about 9% of the size of the discontinuity. The value of a function at a finite set of points does not affect its integral. This effect underlies the reason why defining the value of a discontinuous function, like we refrained from doing in defining the step function , at its discontinuity is meaningless. Whatever you pick for a value has no practical relevance for either the signal's spectrum or for how a system responds to the signal. The Fourier series value "at" the discontinuity is the average of the values on either side of the jump.