Continuous vs. Discrete

One of the most important distinctions to understand is the difference between discrete time and continuous time systems. A system in which the input signal and output signal both have continuous domains is said to be a continuous system. One in which the input signal and output signal both have discrete domains is said to be a continuous system. Of course, it is possible to conceive of signals that belong to neither category, such as systems in which sampling of a continuous time signal or reconstruction from a discrete time signal take place.

Linear vs. Nonlinear

A linear system is any system that obeys the properties of scaling (first order homogeneity) and superposition (additivity) further described below. A nonlinear system is any system that does not have at least one of these properties.

To show that a system HH obeys the scaling property is to show that

Figure 1: A block diagram demonstrating the scaling property of linearity

To demonstrate that a system HH obeys the superposition property of linearity is to show that

Figure 2: A block diagram demonstrating the superposition property of linearity

It is possible to check a system for linearity in a single (though larger) step. To do this, simply combine the first two steps to get

Time Invariant vs. Time Varying

A system is said to be time invariant if it commutes with the parameter shift operator defined by S T ( f ( t ) ) = f ( t - T ) S T ( f ( t ) ) = f ( t - T ) for all TT, which is to say

for all real TT. Intuitively, that means that for any input function that produces some output function, any time shift of that input function will produce an output function identical in every way except that it is shifted by the same amount. Any system that does not have this property is said to be time varying.

Figure 3: This block diagram shows what the condition for time invariance. The output is the same whether the delay is put on the input or the output.

Causal vs. Noncausal

A causal system is one in which the output depends only on current or past inputs, but not future inputs. Similarly, an anticausal system is one in which the output depends only on current or future inputs, but not past inputs. Finally, a noncausal system is one in which the output depends on both past and future inputs. All "realtime" systems must be causal, since they can not have future inputs available to them.

One may think the idea of future inputs does not seem to make much physical sense; however, we have only been dealing with time as our dependent variable so far, which is not always the case. Imagine rather that we wanted to do image processing. Then the dependent variable might represent pixel positions to the left and right (the "future") of the current position on the image, and we would not necessarily have a causal system.

Figure 4

(a) For a typical system to be causal... (b) ...the output at time t 0 t 0 , y⁢ t 0 y t 0 , can only depend on the portion of the input signal before t 0 t 0 .

Stable vs. Unstable

There are several definitions of stability, but the one that will be used most frequently in this course will be bounded input, bounded output (BIBO) stability. In this context, a stable system is one in which the output is bounded if the input is also bounded. Similarly, an unstable system is one in which at least one bounded input produces an unbounded output.

Representing this mathematically, a stable system must have the following property, where x⁢t xt is the input and y⁢t yt is the output. The output must satisfy the condition