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<document xmlns="http://cnx.rice.edu/cnxml" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" id="m10118">

  <name>Precoding and Bandlimited Signals</name>
  <metadata>
  <md:version>2.6</md:version>
  <md:created>2001/06/20</md:created>
  <md:revised>2004/01/07 10:09:28.728 US/Central</md:revised>
  <md:authorlist>
    <md:author id="aaz">
      <md:firstname>Behnaam</md:firstname>
      
      <md:surname>Aazhang</md:surname>
      <md:email>aaz@ece.rice.edu</md:email>
    </md:author>
  </md:authorlist>

  <md:maintainerlist>
    <md:maintainer id="dinesh">
      <md:firstname>Dinesh</md:firstname>
      
      <md:surname>Rajan</md:surname>
      <md:email>dinesh@ece.rice.edu</md:email>
    </md:maintainer>
    <md:maintainer id="mohammad">
      <md:firstname>Mohammad</md:firstname>
      <md:othername>Jaber</md:othername>
      <md:surname>Borran</md:surname>
      <md:email>mohammad@ece.rice.edu</md:email>
    </md:maintainer>
    <md:maintainer id="aaz">
      <md:firstname>Behnaam</md:firstname>
      
      <md:surname>Aazhang</md:surname>
      <md:email>aaz@ece.rice.edu</md:email>
    </md:maintainer>
    <md:maintainer id="mrshawn">
      <md:firstname>Shawn</md:firstname>
      
      <md:surname>Stewart</md:surname>
      <md:email>mrshawn@alumni.rice.edu</md:email>
    </md:maintainer>
    <md:maintainer id="rha">
      <md:firstname>Roy</md:firstname>
      
      <md:surname>Ha</md:surname>
      <md:email>rha@rice.edu</md:email>
    </md:maintainer>
  </md:maintainerlist>
  
  <md:keywordlist>
    <md:keyword>intersymbol interference</md:keyword>
    <md:keyword>ISI</md:keyword>
    <md:keyword>maximum likelihood sequence detector</md:keyword>
    <md:keyword>precoding</md:keyword>
  </md:keywordlist>

  <md:abstract>A description of various ways to deal with the problem of intersymbol interference which occurs in bandlimited channels.</md:abstract>
</metadata>

  <content>
    <section id="one">
      <name>Precoding</name>

      <para id="precoding">

	<!-- This is a good place for a picture -->

	The data symbols are manipulated such that

	<equation id="minisi">
	  <m:math>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:eq/>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:ci type="fn">
		  <m:msub>
		    <m:mi>y</m:mi>
		    <m:mi>k</m:mi>
		  </m:msub>
		</m:ci>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:times/>
		  <m:ci>k</m:ci>
		  <m:ci>T</m:ci>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:plus/>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:times/> 
		  <m:ci>
		    <m:msub>
		      <m:mi>a</m:mi>
		      <m:mi>k</m:mi>
		    </m:msub>
		  </m:ci>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:ci type="fn">u</m:ci>
		    <m:cn>0</m:cn>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
		<m:ci>ISI</m:ci>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">ν</m:ci>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:times/>
		    <m:ci>k</m:ci>
		    <m:ci>T</m:ci>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>
	  </m:math>
	</equation>
      </para>
    </section>

    <section id="two">
      <name>Design of Bandlimited Modulation Signals</name>

      <para id="modulationsignals">
	Recall that modulation signals are

	<equation id="modulatedsignals">
	  <m:math>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:eq/>
	      <m:ci>
		<m:msub>
		  <m:mi>X</m:mi>
		  <m:mi>t</m:mi>
		</m:msub>
	      </m:ci>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:sum/>
		<m:bvar><m:ci>n</m:ci></m:bvar>
		<m:lowlimit>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:minus/>
		    <m:infinity/>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:lowlimit>
		<m:uplimit><m:infinity/></m:uplimit>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:times/>
		  <m:ci>
		    <m:msub>
		      <m:mi>a</m:mi>
		      <m:mi>n</m:mi>
		    </m:msub>
		  </m:ci>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:ci type="fn">s</m:ci>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:minus/>
		      <m:ci>t</m:ci>
		      <m:apply>
			<m:times/>
			<m:ci>n</m:ci>
			<m:ci>T</m:ci>
		      </m:apply>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>
	  </m:math>
	</equation>

	We can design
	<m:math>
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:ci type="fn">s</m:ci>
	    <m:ci>t</m:ci>
	  </m:apply>
	</m:math>
	such that
	<equation id="blargh">
	  <m:math>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:eq/>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:ci type="fn">u</m:ci>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:times/>
		  <m:ci>n</m:ci>
		  <m:ci>T</m:ci>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	      <m:piecewise>
		<m:piece>
		  <m:ci>large</m:ci>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:eq/>
		    <m:ci>n</m:ci>
		    <m:cn>0</m:cn>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:piece>
		<m:piece>
		  <m:mtext>zero or small</m:mtext>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:neq/>
		    <m:ci>n</m:ci>
		    <m:cn>0</m:cn>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:piece>
	      </m:piecewise>
	    </m:apply>
	  </m:math>
	</equation>
	where

	<m:math>
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:eq/>  
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:ci type="fn">y</m:ci>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:times/>
		<m:ci>k</m:ci>
		<m:ci>T</m:ci>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:plus/>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:times/>
		<m:ci>
		  <m:msub>
		    <m:mi>a</m:mi>
		    <m:mi>k</m:mi>
		  </m:msub>
		</m:ci>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">u</m:ci>
		  <m:cn>0</m:cn>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:sum/>
		<m:bvar><m:ci>n</m:ci></m:bvar>
		<m:lowlimit>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:minus/>
		    <m:infinity/>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:lowlimit>
		<m:uplimit><m:infinity/></m:uplimit>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:times/>
		  <m:ci>
		    <m:msub>
		      <m:mi>a</m:mi>
		      <m:mi>n</m:mi>
		    </m:msub>
		  </m:ci>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:ci type="fn">u</m:ci>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:minus/>
		      <m:apply>
			<m:times/>
			<m:ci>k</m:ci>
			<m:ci>T</m:ci>
		      </m:apply>
		      <m:apply>
			<m:times/>
			<m:ci>n</m:ci>
			<m:ci>T</m:ci>
		      </m:apply>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:ci type="fn">ν</m:ci>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:times/>
		  <m:ci>k</m:ci>
		  <m:ci>T</m:ci>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>
	  </m:apply>
	</m:math>

	(ISI is the sum term, and once again, 

	<m:math>
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:neq/>
	    <m:ci>n</m:ci>
	    <m:ci>k</m:ci>
	  </m:apply>
	</m:math>
	.)

	Also,

	<m:math>
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:eq/>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:ci type="fn">y</m:ci>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:times/>
		<m:ci>n</m:ci>
		<m:ci>T</m:ci>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:times/>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:conjugate/>
		<m:ci>s</m:ci>
	      </m:apply>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:conjugate/>
		<m:ci>g</m:ci>
	      </m:apply>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:ci type="fn">
		  <m:msup>
		    <m:mi>h</m:mi>
		    <m:mi>opt</m:mi>
		  </m:msup>
		</m:ci>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:times/>
		  <m:ci>n</m:ci>
		  <m:ci>T</m:ci>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>
	  </m:apply>
	</m:math>

	The signal
	<m:math>
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:ci type="fn">s</m:ci>
	    <m:ci>t</m:ci>
	  </m:apply>
	</m:math>

	can be designed to have reduced ISI.
      </para>
    </section>

    <section id="three">
      <name>Design Equalizers at the Receiver</name>

      <para id="masstuff">

	<!-- This is another good place to put some graphics -->
	Linear equalizers or decision feedback equalizers reduce ISI
	in the statistic
	<m:math>
	  <m:ci>
	    <m:msub>
	      <m:mi>y</m:mi>
	      <m:mi>t</m:mi>
	    </m:msub>
	  </m:ci>
	</m:math>
      </para>
    </section>

    <section id="four">
      <name>Maximum Likelihood Sequence Detection</name>

      <para id="conclusion">
	<!-- More diagrams -->

	<equation id="somethingy">
	  <m:math>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:eq/>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:ci type="fn">y</m:ci>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:times/>
		  <m:ci>k</m:ci>
		  <m:ci>T</m:ci>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:plus/>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:sum/>
		  <m:bvar><m:ci>n</m:ci></m:bvar>
		  <m:lowlimit>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:minus/>
		      <m:infinity/>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:lowlimit>
		  <m:uplimit><m:infinity/></m:uplimit>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:times/>
		    <m:ci> 
		      <m:msub>
			<m:mi>a</m:mi>
			<m:mi>n</m:mi> 
		      </m:msub>
		    </m:ci> 
		    <m:apply> 
		      <m:minus/>
		      <m:apply>
			<m:times/> 
			<m:ci>k</m:ci> 
			<m:ci>T</m:ci>
		      </m:apply>
		      <m:apply>
			<m:times/>
			<m:ci>n</m:ci> 
			<m:ci>T</m:ci> 
		      </m:apply>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">ν</m:ci>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:ci>k</m:ci> 
		    <m:ci>T</m:ci>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>
	  </m:math>   
	</equation>

	By observing
	<m:math>
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:ci type="fn">y</m:ci>
	    <m:ci>T</m:ci>
	  </m:apply>
	  <m:ci>,</m:ci>
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:ci type="fn">y</m:ci>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:times/>
	      <m:cn>2</m:cn>
	      <m:ci>T</m:ci>
	    </m:apply>
	  </m:apply>
	  <m:ci>,</m:ci>
	  <m:ci>…</m:ci>
	</m:math>

	the date symbols are observed frequently.  Therefore, ISI can
	be viewed as diversity to increase performance.

      </para>
    </section>

  </content>
</document>
