Skip to content Skip to navigation

Connexions

You are here: Home » Content » Channel Coding

Navigation

Content Actions
  • Download module PDF
  • Add to ...
    Add the module to:
    • My Favorites
    • A lens
    • An external social bookmarking service
    • My Favorites (What is 'My Favorites'?)
      'My Favorites' is a special kind of lens which you can use to bookmark modules and collections directly in Connexions. 'My Favorites' can only be seen by you, and collections saved in 'My Favorites' can remember the last module you were on. You need a Connexions account to use 'My Favorites'.
    • A lens (What is a lens?)

      Definition of a lens

      Lenses

      A lens is a custom view of Connexions content. You can think of it as a fancy kind of list that will let you see Connexions through the eyes of organizations and people you trust.

      What is in a lens?

      Lens makers point to Connexions materials (modules and collections), creating a guide that includes their own comments and descriptive tags about the content.

      Who can create a lens?

      Any individual Connexions member, a community, or a respected organization.

      What are tags? tag icon

      Tags are descriptors added by lens makers to help label content, attaching a vocabulary that is meaningful in the context of the lens.

    • External bookmarks
  • E-mail the author
  • Rate this module (How does the rating system work?)

    Rating system

    Ratings

    Ratings allow you to judge the quality of modules. If other users have ranked the module then its average rating is displayed below. Ratings are calculated on a scale from one star (Poor) to five stars (Excellent).

    How to rate a module

    Hover over the star that corresponds to the rating you wish to assign. Click on the star to add your rating. Your rating should be based on the quality of the content. You must have an account and be logged in to rate content.

    		(0 ratings)

Recently Viewed

This feature requires Javascript to be enabled.

Channel Coding

Module by: Behnaam Aazhang

Summary: A description of channel coding, in particular linear block codes.

Note: Your browser may not currently support MathML. See our browser support page for additional details. You can always view the correct math in the PDF version.

Channel coding is a viable method to reduce information rate through the channel and increase reliability. This goal is achieved by adding redundancy to the information symbol vector resulting in a longer coded vector of symbols that are distinguishable at the output of the channel. Another brief explanation of channel coding is offered in Channel Coding and the Repetition Code. We consider only two classes of codes, block codes and convolutional codes.

Block codes

The information sequence is divided into blocks of length k k. Each block is mapped into channel inputs of length n n. The mapping is independent from previous blocks, that is, there is no memory from one block to another.

Example 1

k=2 k 2 and n=5 n 5

00→00000 00 00000 (1)
01→10100 01 10100 (2)
10→01111 10 01111 (3)
11→11011 11 11011 (4)
information sequence ⇒ codeword (channel input)

A binary block code is completely defined by 2k 2 k binary sequences of length n n called codewords.

C=c1c2…c 2 k C c 1 c 2 … c 2 k (5)
ci∈01n c i 0 1 n (6)
There are three key questions,
  1. How can one find "good" codewords?
  2. How can one systematically map information sequences into codewords?
  3. How can one systematically find the corresponding information sequences from a codeword, i.e., how can we decode?
These can be done if we concentrate on linear codes and utilize finite field algebra.

A block code is linear if ci∈C c i C and cj∈C c j C implies ci⊕cj∈C c i c j C where ⊕ ⊕ is an elementwise modulo 2 addition.

Hamming distance is a useful measure of codeword properties

d H cicj=# of places that they are different d H c i c j # of places that they are different (7)
Denote the codeword for information sequence e1=1000⋮00 e 1 1 0 0 0 ⋮ 0 0 by g 1 g 1 and e2=0100⋮00 e 2 0 1 0 0 ⋮ 0 0 by g 2 g 2 ,…, and ek=0000⋮01 e k 0 0 0 0 ⋮ 0 1 by g k g k . Then any information sequence can be expressed as
u= u 1 ⋮ u k =∑i=1k u i ei u u 1 ⋮ u k i 1 k u i e i (8)
and the corresponding codeword could be
c=∑i=1k u i gi c i 1 k u i g i (9)
Therefore
c=uG c u G (10)
with c=01n c 0 1 n and u∈01k u 0 1 k where G=g1g2⋮gk G g 1 g 2 ⋮ g k , a k kxn n matrix and all operations are modulo 2.

Example 2

In Example 1 with

00→00000 00 00000 (11)
01→10100 01 10100 (12)
10→01111 10 01111 (13)
11→11011 11 11011 (14)
g1=01111T g 1 0 1 1 1 1 and g2=10100T g 2 1 0 1 0 0 and G=0111110100 G 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0

Additional information about coding efficiency and error are provided in Block Channel Coding.

Examples of good linear codes include Hamming codes, BCH codes, Reed-Solomon codes, and many more. The rate of these codes is defined as kn k n and these codes have different error correction and error detection properties.

Comments, questions, feedback, criticisms?

Send feedback