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<!DOCTYPE document PUBLIC "-//CNX//DTD CNXML 0.5 plus MathML//EN" "http://cnx.rice.edu/cnxml/0.5/DTD/cnxml_mathml.dtd">
<document xmlns="http://cnx.rice.edu/cnxml" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" id="m10413">
  
  <name>Orthogonal Perfect Reconstruction FIR Filterbank</name>
  <metadata>
  <md:version>2.14</md:version>
  <md:created>2001/12/26</md:created>
  <md:revised>2005/10/04 10:16:39.218 GMT-5</md:revised>
  <md:authorlist>
      <md:author id="schniter">
      <md:firstname>Phil</md:firstname>
      
      <md:surname>Schniter</md:surname>
      <md:email>schniter@ee.eng.ohio-state.edu</md:email>
    </md:author>
  </md:authorlist>

  <md:maintainerlist>
    <md:maintainer id="lizychan">
      <md:firstname>Elizabeth</md:firstname>
      
      <md:surname>Chan</md:surname>
      <md:email>lizychan@rice.edu</md:email>
    </md:maintainer>
    <md:maintainer id="mjhaag">
      <md:firstname>Michael</md:firstname>
      
      <md:surname>Haag</md:surname>
      <md:email>mjhaag@rice.edu</md:email>
    </md:maintainer>
    <md:maintainer id="schniter">
      <md:firstname>Phil</md:firstname>
      
      <md:surname>Schniter</md:surname>
      <md:email>schniter@ee.eng.ohio-state.edu</md:email>
    </md:maintainer>
  </md:maintainerlist>
  
  <md:keywordlist>
    <md:keyword>Filter bank</md:keyword>
    <md:keyword>filterbanks</md:keyword>
    <md:keyword>FIR filterbanks</md:keyword>
    <md:keyword>Halfband</md:keyword>
    <md:keyword>Orthogonal</md:keyword>
    <md:keyword>Perfect Reconstruction</md:keyword>
    <md:keyword>PR</md:keyword>
  </md:keywordlist>

  <md:abstract>This module introduces the ideas behind and design issues of Orthogonal Perfect Reconstruction of FIR filterbanks.</md:abstract>
</metadata>

  
  <content>
    <section id="sec1">
      <name>Orthogonal PR Filterbanks</name>
      <para id="p0">
	The <cnxn document="m10412" strength="8">FIR
	  perfect-reconstruction (PR)</cnxn> conditions leave some
	freedom in the choice of 
	<m:math>
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:ci type="fn">
	      <m:msub>
		<m:mi>H</m:mi>
		<m:mn>0</m:mn>
	      </m:msub>
	    </m:ci>
	    <m:ci>z</m:ci>
	  </m:apply>
	</m:math> and 
	<m:math>
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:ci type="fn">
	      <m:msub>
		<m:mi>H</m:mi>
		<m:mn>1</m:mn>
	      </m:msub>
	    </m:ci>
	    <m:ci>z</m:ci>
	  </m:apply>
	</m:math>.  <term>Orthogonal PR filterbanks</term> are defined
	by causal real-coefficient
	even-length-<m:math><m:ci>N</m:ci></m:math> analysis filters
	that satisfy the following two equations:
	
	<equation id="eq0">
	  <m:math>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:eq/>
	      <m:cn>1</m:cn>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:plus/>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:times/>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:ci type="fn">
		      <m:msub>
			<m:mi>H</m:mi>
			<m:mn>0</m:mn>
		      </m:msub>
		    </m:ci>
		    <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		  </m:apply>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:ci type="fn">
		      <m:msub>
			<m:mi>H</m:mi>
			<m:mn>0</m:mn>
		      </m:msub>
		    </m:ci>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:inverse/>
		      <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>	
		<m:apply>
		  <m:times/>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:ci type="fn">
		      <m:msub>
			<m:mi>H</m:mi>
			<m:mn>0</m:mn>
		      </m:msub>
		    </m:ci>
		    <m:ci>-z</m:ci>
		  </m:apply>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:ci type="fn">
		      <m:msub>
			<m:mi>H</m:mi>
			<m:mn>0</m:mn>
		      </m:msub>
		    </m:ci>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:minus/>
		      <m:apply>
			<m:inverse/>
			<m:ci>z</m:ci>
		      </m:apply>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>
	  </m:math>
	</equation>
	
	<equation id="eq1">
	  <m:math>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:eq/>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:ci type="fn">
		  <m:msub>
		    <m:mi>H</m:mi>
		    <m:mn>1</m:mn>
		  </m:msub>
		</m:ci>
		<m:ci>z</m:ci>
	      </m:apply>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:times/>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:power/>
                  <m:apply>
                   <m:ci><m:mo>±</m:mo></m:ci>
		    <m:ci>z</m:ci>
                  </m:apply>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:minus/>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:minus/>
		      <m:ci>N</m:ci>
		      <m:cn>1</m:cn>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">
		    <m:msub>
		      <m:mi>H</m:mi>
		      <m:mn>0</m:mn>
		    </m:msub>
		  </m:ci>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:minus/>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:inverse/>
		      <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>
	  </m:math>
	</equation>

	To verify that these design choices satisfy the FIR-PR
	requirements for 
	<m:math>
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:ci type="fn">
	      <m:msub>
		<m:mi>H</m:mi>
		<m:mn>0</m:mn>
	      </m:msub>
	    </m:ci>
	    <m:ci>z</m:ci>
	  </m:apply>
	</m:math> and 
	<m:math>
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:ci type="fn">
	      <m:msub>
		<m:mi>H</m:mi>
		<m:mn>1</m:mn>
	      </m:msub>
	    </m:ci>
	    <m:ci>z</m:ci>
	  </m:apply>
	</m:math>, we evaluate 
	<m:math>
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:determinant/>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:ci type="fn">
		<m:mi fontweight="bold">H</m:mi>
	      </m:ci>
	      <m:ci>z</m:ci>
	    </m:apply>
	  </m:apply>
	</m:math> under the second condition above.  This yields


	<equation id="eq2">
	  <m:math>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:eq/>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:determinant/>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">
		    <m:mi fontweight="bold">H</m:mi>
		  </m:ci>
		  <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	      
	      <m:apply>
		<m:ci><m:mo>±</m:mo></m:ci>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:minus/>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:times/>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:ci type="fn">
			<m:msub>
			  <m:mi>H</m:mi>
			  <m:mn>0</m:mn>
			</m:msub>
		      </m:ci>
		      <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		    </m:apply>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:ci type="fn">
			<m:msub>
			  <m:mi>H</m:mi>
			  <m:mn>1</m:mn>
			</m:msub>
		      </m:ci>
		      <m:apply>
			<m:inverse/>
			<m:ci>z</m:ci>
		      </m:apply>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>	
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:times/>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:ci type="fn">
			<m:msub>
			  <m:mi>H</m:mi>
			  <m:mn>0</m:mn>
			</m:msub>
		      </m:ci>
		      <m:ci>-z</m:ci>
		    </m:apply>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:ci type="fn">
			<m:msub>
			  <m:mi>H</m:mi>
			  <m:mn>1</m:mn>
			</m:msub>
		      </m:ci>
		      <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>

	      <m:apply>
		<m:times/>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:minus/>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:power/>
		    <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:minus/>
		      <m:apply>
			<m:minus/>
			<m:ci>N</m:ci>
			<m:cn>1</m:cn>
		      </m:apply>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
		
		<m:apply>
		  <m:plus/>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:times/>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:ci type="fn">
			<m:msub>
			  <m:mi>H</m:mi>
			  <m:mn>0</m:mn>
			</m:msub>
		      </m:ci>
		      <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		    </m:apply>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:ci type="fn">
			<m:msub>
			  <m:mi>H</m:mi>
			  <m:mn>0</m:mn>
			</m:msub>
		      </m:ci>
		      <m:apply>
			<m:inverse/>
			<m:ci>z</m:ci>
		      </m:apply>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:times/>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:ci type="fn">
			<m:msub>
			  <m:mi>H</m:mi>
			  <m:mn>0</m:mn>
			</m:msub>
		      </m:ci>
		      <m:ci>-z</m:ci>
		    </m:apply>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:ci type="fn">
			<m:msub>
			  <m:mi>H</m:mi>
			  <m:mn>0</m:mn>
			</m:msub>
		      </m:ci>
		      <m:apply>
			<m:minus/>
			<m:apply>
			  <m:inverse/>
			  <m:ci>z</m:ci>
			</m:apply>
		      </m:apply>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:power/>
		<m:ci>z</m:ci>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:minus/>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:minus/>
		    <m:ci>N</m:ci>
		    <m:cn>1</m:cn>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>
	  </m:math>
	</equation>

	which corresponds to 
	<m:math>
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:eq/>
	    <m:ci>c</m:ci>
	    <m:cn>-1</m:cn>
	  </m:apply>
	</m:math> and 
	<m:math>
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:eq/>
	    <m:ci>l</m:ci>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:minus/>
	      <m:ci>N</m:ci>
	      <m:cn>1</m:cn>
	    </m:apply>
	  </m:apply>
	</m:math> in the FIR-PR determinant condition 
	<m:math>
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:eq/>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:determinant/>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:ci type="fn">
		  <m:mi fontweight="bold">H</m:mi>
		</m:ci>
		<m:ci>z</m:ci>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:times/>
	      <m:ci>c</m:ci>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:power/>
		<m:ci>z</m:ci>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:minus/>
		  <m:ci>l</m:ci>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>
	  </m:apply>
	</m:math>.  The remaining FIR-PR conditions then imply that
	the synthesis filters are given by 

	
	<equation id="equat3">
	  <m:math>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:eq/>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:ci type="fn">
		  <m:msub>
		    <m:mi>G</m:mi>
		    <m:mn>0</m:mn>
		  </m:msub>
		</m:ci>
		<m:ci>z</m:ci>
	      </m:apply>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:times/>
		<m:cn>-2</m:cn>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">
		    <m:msub>
		      <m:mi>H</m:mi>
		      <m:mn>1</m:mn>
		    </m:msub>
		  </m:ci>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:inverse/>
		    <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:times/>
		<m:cn>2</m:cn>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:power/>
		  <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:minus/>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:minus/>
		      <m:ci>N</m:ci>
		      <m:cn>1</m:cn>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">
		    <m:msub>
		      <m:mi>H</m:mi>
		      <m:mn>0</m:mn>
		    </m:msub>
		  </m:ci>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:inverse/>
		    <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>
	  </m:math>
	</equation>

	<equation id="equat4">
	  <m:math>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:eq/>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:ci type="fn">
		  <m:msub>
		    <m:mi>G</m:mi>
		    <m:mn>1</m:mn>
		  </m:msub>
		</m:ci>
		<m:ci>z</m:ci>
	      </m:apply>
	      
	      <m:apply>
		<m:times/>
		<m:cn>2</m:cn>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">
		    <m:msub>
		      <m:mi>H</m:mi>
		      <m:mn>0</m:mn>
		    </m:msub>
		  </m:ci>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:minus/>
		    <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>

	      <m:apply>
		<m:times/>
		<m:cn>2</m:cn>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:power/>
		  <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:minus/>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:minus/>
		      <m:ci>N</m:ci>
		      <m:cn>1</m:cn>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">
		    <m:msub>
		      <m:mi>H</m:mi>
		      <m:mn>1</m:mn>
		    </m:msub>
		  </m:ci>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:inverse/>
		    <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>
	  </m:math>
	</equation>

	The orthogonal PR design rules imply that 
	<m:math>
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:ci type="fn">
	      <m:msub>
		<m:mi>H</m:mi>
		<m:mn>0</m:mn>
	      </m:msub>
	    </m:ci>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:exp/>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:times/>
		<m:imaginaryi/>
		<m:ci>ω</m:ci>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>
	  </m:apply>
	</m:math> is "power symmetric" and that 
	<m:math>
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:set>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:ci type="fn">
		  <m:msub>
		    <m:mi>H</m:mi>
		    <m:mn>0</m:mn>
		  </m:msub>
		</m:ci>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:exp/>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:times/>
		    <m:imaginaryi/>
		    <m:ci>ω</m:ci>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:ci type="fn">
		  <m:msub>
		    <m:mi>H</m:mi>
		    <m:mn>1</m:mn>
		  </m:msub>
		</m:ci>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:exp/>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:times/>
		    <m:imaginaryi/>
		    <m:ci>ω</m:ci>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:set>
	  </m:apply>
	</m:math> form a "power complementary" pair.  To see the power
	symmetry, we rewrite the first design rule using 
	<m:math>
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:eq/>
	    <m:ci>z</m:ci>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:exp/>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:times/>
		<m:imaginaryi/>
		<m:ci>ω</m:ci>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>
	  </m:apply>
	</m:math> and 
	<m:math>
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:eq/>
	    <m:cn>-1</m:cn>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:exp/>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:times/>
		<m:ci>±</m:ci>
		<m:imaginaryi/>
		<m:ci>π</m:ci>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>
	  </m:apply>
	</m:math>, which gives 
	
	<equation id="eq3">
	  <m:math>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:eq/>
	      <m:cn>1</m:cn>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:plus/>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:times/>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:ci type="fn">
		      <m:msub>
			<m:mi>H</m:mi>
			<m:mn>0</m:mn>
		      </m:msub>
		    </m:ci>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:exp/>
		      <m:apply>
			<m:times/>
			<m:imaginaryi/>
			<m:ci>ω</m:ci>
		      </m:apply>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:ci type="fn">
		      <m:msub>
			<m:mi>H</m:mi>
			<m:mn>0</m:mn>
		      </m:msub>
		    </m:ci>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:exp/>
		      <m:apply>
			<m:minus/>
			<m:apply>
			  <m:times/>
			  <m:imaginaryi/>
			  <m:ci>ω</m:ci>
			</m:apply>
		      </m:apply>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
		
		<m:apply>
		  <m:times/>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:ci type="fn">
		      <m:msub>
			<m:mi>H</m:mi>
			<m:mn>0</m:mn>
		      </m:msub>
		    </m:ci>
		      <m:apply>
			<m:exp/>
			<m:apply>
			  <m:times/>
			  <m:imaginaryi/>
			  <m:apply>
			    <m:minus/>
			    <m:ci>ω</m:ci>
			    <m:pi/>
			  </m:apply>
			</m:apply>
		      </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:ci type="fn">
		      <m:msub>
			<m:mi>H</m:mi>
			<m:mn>0</m:mn>
		      </m:msub>
		    </m:ci>
		      <m:apply>
			<m:exp/>
			  <m:apply>
			    <m:times/>
			    <m:apply>
			      <m:minus/>
			      <m:imaginaryi/>
			    </m:apply>
			    <m:apply>
			      <m:minus/>
			      <m:ci>ω</m:ci>
			      <m:pi/>
			    </m:apply>
			  </m:apply>
			</m:apply>
		      </m:apply>		      
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
	      
	      <m:apply>
		<m:plus/>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:power/>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:abs/>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:ci type="fn">
			<m:msub>
			  <m:mi>H</m:mi>
			  <m:mn>0</m:mn>
			</m:msub>
		      </m:ci>
		      <m:apply>
			<m:exp/>
			<m:apply>
			  <m:times/>
			  <m:imaginaryi/>
			  <m:ci>ω</m:ci>
			</m:apply>
		      </m:apply>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		  <m:cn>2</m:cn>
		</m:apply>		
		<m:apply>
		  <m:power/>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:abs/>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:ci type="fn">
			<m:msub>
			  <m:mi>H</m:mi>
			  <m:mn>0</m:mn>
			</m:msub>
		      </m:ci>
		      <m:apply>
			<m:exp/>
			<m:apply>
			  <m:times/>
			  <m:imaginaryi/>		    
			  <m:apply>
			    <m:minus/>
			    <m:ci>ω</m:ci>
			    <m:pi/>
			  </m:apply>
			</m:apply>
		      </m:apply>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		  <m:cn>2</m:cn>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>


	      <m:apply>
		<m:plus/>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:power/>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:abs/>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:ci type="fn">
			<m:msub>
			  <m:mi>H</m:mi>
			  <m:mn>0</m:mn>
			</m:msub>
		      </m:ci>
		      <m:apply>
			<m:exp/>
			<m:apply>
			  <m:times/>
			  <m:imaginaryi/>
			  <m:ci>ω</m:ci>
			</m:apply>
		      </m:apply>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		  <m:cn>2</m:cn>
		</m:apply>		
		<m:apply>
		  <m:power/>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:abs/>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:ci type="fn">
			<m:msub>
			  <m:mi>H</m:mi>
			  <m:mn>0</m:mn>
			</m:msub>
		      </m:ci>
		      <m:apply>
			<m:exp/>			
			<m:apply>
			  <m:times/>
			  <m:imaginaryi/>		    
			  <m:apply>
			    <m:minus/>
			    <m:pi/>
			    <m:ci>ω</m:ci>
			  </m:apply>
			</m:apply>
		      </m:apply>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		  <m:cn>2</m:cn>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>


	    </m:apply>
	  </m:math>
	</equation>
	
	The last two steps leveraged the fact that the <cnxn document="m10108" strength="6">DTFT</cnxn> of a
	real-coefficient filter is conjugate-symmetric.  The
	power-symmetry property is illustrated in <cnxn target="fig1" strength="9"/>: </para>
      
      <figure id="fig1">
	<media type="image/png" src="ortho_f1.png"/>
      </figure>

      <para id="p2">
	Power complementarity follows from the second orthogonal PR
	design rule, which implies 
	<m:math>
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:eq/>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:abs/>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:ci type="fn">
		  <m:msub>
		    <m:mi>H</m:mi>
		    <m:mn>1</m:mn>
		  </m:msub>
		</m:ci>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:exp/>			
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:times/>
		    <m:imaginaryi/>		    
		    <m:ci>ω</m:ci>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:abs/>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:ci type="fn">
		  <m:msub>
		    <m:mi>H</m:mi>
		    <m:mn>0</m:mn>
		  </m:msub>
		</m:ci>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:exp/>			
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:times/>
		    <m:imaginaryi/>		    
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:minus/>
		      <m:pi/>
		      <m:ci>ω</m:ci>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>
	  </m:apply>
	</m:math>.  Plugging this into the previous equation, we find

	<equation id="eq4">
	  <m:math>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:eq/>
	      <m:cn>1</m:cn>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:plus/>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:power/>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:abs/>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:ci type="fn">
			<m:msub>
			  <m:mi>H</m:mi>
			  <m:mn>0</m:mn>
			</m:msub>
		      </m:ci>
		      <m:apply>
			<m:exp/>			
			<m:apply>
			  <m:times/>
			  <m:imaginaryi/>		    
			  <m:ci>ω</m:ci>
			</m:apply>
		      </m:apply>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		  <m:cn>2</m:cn>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:power/>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:abs/>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:ci type="fn">
			<m:msub>
			  <m:mi>H</m:mi>
			  <m:mn>1</m:mn>
			</m:msub>
		      </m:ci>
		      <m:apply>
			<m:exp/>			
			<m:apply>
			  <m:times/>
			  <m:imaginaryi/>		    
			  <m:ci>ω</m:ci>
			</m:apply>
		      </m:apply>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		  <m:cn>2</m:cn>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>
	  </m:math>
	</equation>
	
	The power-complimentary property is illustrated in <cnxn target="fig2" strength="9"/>:
      </para>
      
      <figure id="fig2">
	<media type="image/png" src="ortho_f2.png"/>
      </figure>
    </section>



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  </content>  
</document>
