Eigenfunctions of LTI Systems 2.6 2002/02/08 2003/07/24 10:55:34 GMT-5 Justin Romberg jrom@rice.edu Prashant Singh prash@ece.rice.edu Richard G. Baraniuk richb@rice.edu Mariyah Poonawala mariyah@rice.edu eigenfunction eigenvalue eigenvector Linear time invariant LTI An introduction to eigenvalues and eigenfunctions for Linear Time Invariant systems.

Introduction Hopefully you are familiar with the notion of the eigenvectors of a "matrix system," if not they do a quick review of eigen-stuff. We can develop the same ideas for LTI systems acting on signals. A linear time invariant (LTI) system ℋ operating on a continuous input f t to produce continuous time output y t ℋ f t y t

ℋ f t y t . f and t are continuous time (CT) signals and ℋ is an LTI operator.

is mathematically analogous to an NxN matrix A operating on a vector x ℂ N to produce another vector b ℂ N (see Matrices and LTI Systems for an overview). A x b

A x b where x and b are in ℂ N and A is an N x N matrix.

Just as an eigenvector of A is a v ℂ N such that A v λ v , λ ,

A v λ v where v ℂ N is an eigenvector of A .

we can define an eigenfunction (or eigensignal) of an LTI system ℋ to be a signal f t such that λ λ ℋ f t λ f t

ℋ f t λ f t where f is an eigenfunction of ℋ .

Eigenfunctions are the simplest possible signals for ℋ to operate on: to calculate the output, we simply multiply the input by a complex number λ .

Eigenfunctions of any LTI System The class of LTI systems has a set of eigenfunctions in common: the complex exponentials s t , s are eigenfunctions for all LTI systems. ℋ s t λ s s t

ℋ s t λ s s t where ℋ is an LTI system.

While s s s t are always eigenfunctions of an LTI system, they are not necessarily the only eigenfunctions. We can prove by expressing the output as a convolution of the input s t and the impulse response h t of ℋ : ℋ s t τ h τ s t τ τ h τ s t s τ s t τ h τ s τ Since the expression on the right hand side does not depend on t , it is a constant, λ s . Therefore ℋ s t λ s s t The eigenvalue λ s is a complex number that depends on the exponent s and, of course, the system ℋ . To make these dependencies explicit, we will use the notation H s λ s .

s t is the eigenfunction and H s are the eigenvalues.

Since the action of an LTI operator on its eigenfunctions s t is easy to calculate and interpret, it is convenient to represent an arbitrary signal f t as a linear combination of complex exponentials. The Fourier series gives us this representation for periodic continuous time signals, while the (slightly more complicated) Fourier transform lets us expand arbitrary continuous time signals.