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<!DOCTYPE document PUBLIC "-//CNX//DTD CNXML 0.5 plus MathML//EN" "http://cnx.rice.edu/cnxml/0.5/DTD/cnxml_mathml.dtd">
<document xmlns="http://cnx.rice.edu/cnxml" xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" id="new1">
  <name>Haar Approximation at the kth Coarseness Level</name>
  <metadata>
  <md:version>2.2</md:version>
  <md:created>2003/01/17</md:created>
  <md:revised>2005/09/30 19:53:32.329 GMT-5</md:revised>
  <md:authorlist>
      <md:author id="schniter">
      <md:firstname>Phil</md:firstname>
      
      <md:surname>Schniter</md:surname>
      <md:email>schniter@ee.eng.ohio-state.edu</md:email>
    </md:author>
  </md:authorlist>

  <md:maintainerlist>
    <md:maintainer id="charlet">
      <md:firstname>Charlet</md:firstname>
      
      <md:surname>Reedstrom</md:surname>
      <md:email>charlet@rice.edu</md:email>
    </md:maintainer>
    <md:maintainer id="schniter">
      <md:firstname>Phil</md:firstname>
      
      <md:surname>Schniter</md:surname>
      <md:email>schniter@ee.eng.ohio-state.edu</md:email>
    </md:maintainer>
  </md:maintainerlist>
  
  <md:keywordlist>
    <md:keyword>Haar</md:keyword>
  </md:keywordlist>

  <md:abstract/>
</metadata>


  <content>
    <para id="hap1">
      It is instructive to consider the approximation of signal
      <m:math>
	<m:apply>
	  <m:in/>
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:ci type="fn">x</m:ci>
	    <m:ci>t</m:ci>
	  </m:apply>
	  <m:ci type="set"><m:msub> 
	      <m:mi>ℒ</m:mi> 
	      <m:mn>2</m:mn>
	    </m:msub></m:ci>
	</m:apply>
      </m:math> at coarseness-level-<m:math><m:ci>k</m:ci></m:math> of
      the Haar system.  For the Haar case, projection of
      <m:math>
	<m:apply>
	  <m:in/>
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:ci type="fn">x</m:ci>
	    <m:ci>t</m:ci>
	  </m:apply>
	  <m:ci type="set"><m:msub> 
	      <m:mi>ℒ</m:mi> 
	      <m:mn>2</m:mn>
	    </m:msub></m:ci>
	</m:apply>
      </m:math> onto 
      <m:math>
	<m:ci><m:msub>
	    <m:mi>V</m:mi>
	    <m:mi>k</m:mi>
	  </m:msub></m:ci>
      </m:math>
      is accomplished using the basis coefficients 

      <equation id="hapeq1">
	<m:math display="block">
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:eq/>
	    <m:ci><m:msub>
		<m:mi>c</m:mi>
		<m:mrow>
		  <m:mi>k</m:mi>
		  <m:mo>,</m:mo>
		  <m:mi>n</m:mi>
		</m:mrow>
	      </m:msub></m:ci>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:int/>
	      <m:bvar><m:ci>t</m:ci></m:bvar>
	      <m:lowlimit>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:minus/>
		  <m:infinity/>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:lowlimit>
	      <m:uplimit>
		<m:infinity/>
	      </m:uplimit>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:times/>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn"><m:msub>
		      <m:mi>φ</m:mi>
		      <m:mrow>
			<m:mi>k</m:mi>
			<m:mo>,</m:mo>
			<m:mi>n</m:mi>
		      </m:mrow>
		    </m:msub></m:ci>
		  <m:ci>t</m:ci>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">x</m:ci>
		  <m:ci>t</m:ci>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>

	    <m:apply>
	      <m:int/>
	      <m:bvar><m:ci>t</m:ci></m:bvar>
	      <m:lowlimit>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:times/>
		  <m:ci>n</m:ci>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:power/>
		    <m:cn>2</m:cn>
		    <m:ci>k</m:ci>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:lowlimit>
	      <m:uplimit>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:times/>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:plus/>
		    <m:ci>n</m:ci>
		    <m:cn>1</m:cn>
		  </m:apply>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:power/>
		    <m:cn>2</m:cn>
		    <m:ci>k</m:ci>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:uplimit>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:times/>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:power/>
		  <m:cn>2</m:cn>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:minus/>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:divide/>
		      <m:ci>k</m:ci>
		      <m:cn>2</m:cn>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">x</m:ci>
		  <m:ci>t</m:ci>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>
	  </m:apply>
	</m:math>
      </equation>
      giving the approximation

      <equation id="hapeq2">
	<m:math display="block">
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:eq/>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:ci type="fn"><m:msub>
		  <m:mi>x</m:mi>
		  <m:mi>k</m:mi>
		</m:msub></m:ci>
	      <m:ci>t</m:ci>
	    </m:apply>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:sum/>
	      <m:bvar><m:ci>n</m:ci></m:bvar>
	      <m:lowlimit>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:minus/>
		  <m:infinity/>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:lowlimit>
	      <m:uplimit>
		<m:infinity/>
	      </m:uplimit>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:times/>
		<m:ci type="fn"><m:msub>
		    <m:mi>c</m:mi>
		    <m:mrow>
		      <m:mi>k</m:mi>
		      <m:mo>,</m:mo>
		      <m:mi>n</m:mi>
		    </m:mrow>
		  </m:msub></m:ci>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn"><m:msub>
		      <m:mi>φ</m:mi>
		      <m:mrow>
			<m:mi>k</m:mi>
			<m:mo>,</m:mo>
			<m:mi>n</m:mi>
		      </m:mrow>
		    </m:msub></m:ci>
		  <m:ci>t</m:ci>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>

	    <m:apply>
	      <m:sum/>
	      <m:bvar><m:ci>n</m:ci></m:bvar>
	      <m:lowlimit>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:minus/>
		  <m:infinity/>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:lowlimit>
	      <m:uplimit>
		<m:infinity/>
	      </m:uplimit>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:times/>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:int/>
		  <m:bvar><m:ci>t</m:ci></m:bvar>
		  <m:lowlimit>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:times/>
		      <m:ci>n</m:ci>
		      <m:apply>
			<m:power/>
			<m:cn>2</m:cn>
			<m:ci>k</m:ci>
		      </m:apply>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:lowlimit>
		  <m:uplimit>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:times/>
		      <m:apply>
			<m:plus/>
			<m:ci>n</m:ci>
			<m:cn>1</m:cn>
		      </m:apply>
		      <m:apply>
			<m:power/>
			<m:cn>2</m:cn>
			<m:ci>k</m:ci>
		      </m:apply>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:uplimit>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:times/>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:power/>
		      <m:cn>2</m:cn>
		      <m:apply>
			<m:minus/>
			<m:apply>
			  <m:divide/>
			  <m:ci>k</m:ci>
			  <m:cn>2</m:cn>
			</m:apply>
		      </m:apply>
		    </m:apply>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:ci type="fn">x</m:ci>
		      <m:ci>t</m:ci>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn"><m:msub>
		      <m:mi>φ</m:mi>
		      <m:mrow>
			<m:mi>k</m:mi>
			<m:mo>,</m:mo>
			<m:mi>n</m:mi>
		      </m:mrow>
		    </m:msub></m:ci>
		  <m:ci>t</m:ci>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>

	    <m:apply>
	      <m:sum/>
	      <m:bvar><m:ci>n</m:ci></m:bvar>
	      <m:lowlimit>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:minus/>
		  <m:infinity/>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:lowlimit>
	      <m:uplimit>
		<m:infinity/>
	      </m:uplimit>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:times/>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:divide/>
		  <m:cn>1</m:cn>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:power/>
		    <m:cn>2</m:cn>
		    <m:ci>k</m:ci>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:int/>
		  <m:bvar><m:ci>t</m:ci></m:bvar>
		  <m:lowlimit>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:times/>
		      <m:ci>n</m:ci>
		      <m:apply>
			<m:power/>
			<m:cn>2</m:cn>
			<m:ci>k</m:ci>
		      </m:apply>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:lowlimit>
		  <m:uplimit>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:times/>
		      <m:apply>
			<m:plus/>
			<m:ci>n</m:ci>
			<m:cn>1</m:cn>
		      </m:apply>
		      <m:apply>
			<m:power/>
			<m:cn>2</m:cn>
			<m:ci>k</m:ci>
		      </m:apply>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:uplimit>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:ci type="fn">x</m:ci>
		    <m:ci>t</m:ci>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:times/>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:power/>
		    <m:cn>2</m:cn>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:divide/>
		      <m:ci>k</m:ci>
		      <m:cn>2</m:cn>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:ci type="fn"><m:msub>
			<m:mi>φ</m:mi>
			<m:mrow>
			  <m:mi>k</m:mi>
			  <m:mo>,</m:mo>
			  <m:mi>n</m:mi>
			</m:mrow>
		      </m:msub></m:ci>
		    <m:ci>t</m:ci>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>
	  </m:apply>
	</m:math>
      </equation>

      where
      <m:math display="block">
	<m:apply>
	  <m:eq/>
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:times/>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:divide/>
	      <m:cn>1</m:cn>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:power/>
		<m:cn>2</m:cn>
		<m:ci>k</m:ci>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:int/>
	      <m:bvar><m:ci>t</m:ci></m:bvar>
	      <m:lowlimit>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:times/>
		  <m:ci>n</m:ci>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:power/>
		    <m:cn>2</m:cn>
		    <m:ci>k</m:ci>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:lowlimit>
	      <m:uplimit>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:times/>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:plus/>
		    <m:ci>n</m:ci>
		    <m:cn>1</m:cn>
		  </m:apply>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:power/>
		    <m:cn>2</m:cn>
		    <m:ci>k</m:ci>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:uplimit>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:ci type="fn">x</m:ci>
		<m:ci>t</m:ci>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>
	  </m:apply>
	  <m:mtext>average value of x(t) in interval</m:mtext>
	</m:apply>
      </m:math>

      <m:math display="block">
	<m:apply>
	  <m:forall/>
	  <m:bvar><m:ci>k</m:ci></m:bvar>
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:eq/>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:times/>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:power/>
		<m:cn>2</m:cn>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:divide/>
		  <m:ci>k</m:ci>
		  <m:cn>2</m:cn>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:ci type="fn"><m:msub>
		    <m:mi>φ</m:mi>
		    <m:mrow>
		      <m:mi>k</m:mi>
		      <m:mo>,</m:mo>
		      <m:mi>n</m:mi>
		    </m:mrow>
		  </m:msub></m:ci>
		<m:ci>t</m:ci>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>
	    <m:mtext>height</m:mtext>
	    <m:cn>1</m:cn>
	  </m:apply>
	</m:apply>
      </m:math>

      This corresponds to taking the average value of the signal in
      each interval of width
      <m:math>
	<m:apply>
	  <m:power/>
	  <m:cn>2</m:cn>
	  <m:ci>k</m:ci>
	</m:apply>
      </m:math> and approximating the function by a constant over
      that interval (see <cnxn target="haar4" strength="9"/>).
    </para>

    <figure id="haar4">
      <media type="image/png" src="haarapprox_Vk.png"/>
    </figure>

  </content>  
</document>
