# OpenStax-CNX

You are here: Home » Content » Derivative of the Wavelet Scaling Function

### Recently Viewed

This feature requires Javascript to be enabled.

# Derivative of the Wavelet Scaling Function

Module by: Ivan Selesnick. E-mail the author

The derivative of φt φ t (if it exists!) also satisfies a dilation equation. To see this, take the derivative of both sides of the dilation equation. ddtφt=ddt2nhnφ2tn t φ t t 2 n h n φ 2 t n or φt=2nhndφ2tndt φ t 2 n h n t φ 2 t n As ddtφ2tn=2dφ2tnd t φ 2 t n 2 φ 2 t n we have

φt=2n2hndφ2tnd φ t 2 n 2 h n φ 2 t n
(1)
Therefore, φt φ t satisfies a dilation equation with coefficients 2hn 2 h n . We can find values of φt φ t on the integers t=n t n using the procedure described already. We will get the matrix equation 2Pφ=φ 2 P φ φ As a result, we see that 11 must be an eigenvalue of the matrix 2P 2 P ; otherwise, the derivative of φt φ t does not exist on the integers, meaning that φt φ t is not differentiable. Equivalently, 1/2 12 is an eigenvalue of PP.

It turns out that if hn h n satisfies the sum rule

n1nnhn=0 n 1 n n h n 0
(2)
in addition to this sum rule, then 1/2 12 is an eigenvalue of PP.

We will not show that if hn h n satisfies the sum rules, this equation from the module on the dilation wavelet equation and Equation 2, then 1/2 12 is an eigenvalue of PP. (We already know that 11 is an eigenvalue of PP.) We will do this by showing that 1/2 12 is an eigenvalue of PT P .

Define e 0 1111 e 0 1 1 1 1 e 1 012N1 e 1 0 1 2 N 1 We already saw that e 0 P= e 0 e 0 P e 0 which proves that 1 is an eigenvalue of PP. Now let's looks at e 1 P e 1 P . e 1 P=2nnh2nnnh2n1nnh2n2nnh2n(N1) e 1 P 2 n n h 2 n n n h 2 n 1 n n h 2 n 2 n n h 2 n N 1 We now simplify the right hand side. First notice that if hn h n satisfies this equation, then n1nnhn=0n2nh2nn(2n1)h2n1=0 n 1 n n h n 0 n 2 n h 2 n n 2 n 1 h 2 n 1 0 n2nh2nn2nh2n1+nh2n1=0 n 2 n h 2 n n 2 n h 2 n 1 n h 2 n 1 0 n2nh2nn2nh2n1+12=0 n 2 n h 2 n n 2 n h 2 n 1 1 2 0 nnh2nnnh2n1+12×2=0 n n h 2 n n n h 2 n 1 1 2 2 0 nnh2n1=nnh2n+12×2 n n h 2 n 1 n n h 2 n 1 2 2 The last line says that the second term of e 1 P e 1 P is equal to the first term plus the constant 12×2 1 2 2 . Let's find an expression for the third term nnh2n2 n n h 2 n 2 .

nnh2n2=k(k+1)h2k=kkh2k+kh2k=nnh2n+12=nnh2n+22×2 n n h 2 n 2 k k 1 h 2 k k k h 2 k k h 2 k n n h 2 n 1 2 n n h 2 n 2 2 2
(3)
That means that the third term of e 1 P e 1 P is equal to the first term plus twice the previous constant. In general, it can be similarly shown that
n1nnhn=0 nnh2nk=nnh2n+k2×2 n 1 n n h n 0 n n h 2 n k n n h 2 n k 2 2
(4)
Therefore
e 1 P=C e 0 +12 e 1 e 1 P C e 0 1 2 e 1
(5)
with C=2nnh2n C 2 n n h 2 n We can show that 1/212 is an eigenvalue of PP by constructing the vector e 0 +β e 1 e 0 β e 1 . For the right choice for ββ, this vector turns out to be an eigenvector with eigenvalue 1/212.
( e 0 +β e 1 )P= e 0 P+β e 1 P= e 0 +β(C e 0 +12 e 1 )=(1+βC) e 0 +β2 e 1 e 0 β e 1 P e 0 P β e 1 P e 0 β C e 0 1 2 e 1 1 β C e 0 β 2 e 1
(6)
Therefore, ( e 0 +β e 1 )P=12( e 0 +β e 1 ) e 0 β e 1 P 1 2 e 0 β e 1 provided 1+βC=12 1 β C 1 2 . Solving for ββ gives β=12C β 1 2 C Therefore, we have the following result (nhn=2)(n1nhn=0)(n1nnhn=0)1  and  1/2  are eigenvalues of  P n h n 2 n 1 n h n 0 n 1 n n h n 0 1   and   12   are eigenvalues of   P

If hn h n satisfies these sum rules, then we can use the procedure described before to calculate φt φ t on the dyadic rationals. If hn h n does not satisfy these sum rules then φt φ t is not differentiable.

## Moments

The sequence hn h n satisfies the sum rules

n1nhn=0 n 1 n h n 0
(7)
n1nnhn=0 n 1 n n h n 0
(8)
if and only if Hz H z can be written as Hz=Qzz-1+12 H z Q z z 1 2 To see this, differentiate Hz H z , Hz=Qz(-2z-1)(z-1+1)+dQzdz-1+12 H z Q z -2 z z 1 Q z z 1 2 and set z=-1 z -1 . Then (H-1=0)(H-1=0) H -1 0 H -1 0 We already saw that H-1=0 H -1 0 gives Equation 7. Writing out H-1 H -1 we get
Hz=nhnzn H z n h n z n
(9)
Hz=nhnnz(n+1) H z n h n n z n 1
(10)
H-1=nhnn1n H -1 n h n n 1 n
(11)
This gives sum rule Equation 8. The result above can therefore be stated as (H1=2)(H-1=0)(H-1=0)1  and  1/2  are eigenvalues of  P H 1 2 H -1 0 H -1 0 1   and   12   are eigenvalues of   P or as (H1=2)(Hz=Qzz-1+12)1  and  1/2  are eigenvalues of  P H 1 2 H z Q z z 1 2 1   and   12   are eigenvalues of   P

For the existence of higher derivatives, the matrix PP must have further eigenvalues of the for 12k 1 2 k .

In general,

0kK1:(nhn=2)(n1nnkhn=0)11/21/412K1  are eigenvalues of  P 0 k K 1 n h n 2 n 1 n n k h n 0 1 12 14 1 2 K 1   are eigenvalues of   P
(12)
Or in terms of Hz H z :
(H1=2)(Hz=Qzz-1+1K)11/21/412K1  are eigenvalues of  P H 1 2 H z Q z z 1 K 1 12 14 1 2 K 1   are eigenvalues of   P
(13)
For signal processing applications, it is desirable that φt φ t be relatively smooth, and differentiability indicates the smoothness of the function. However, φt φ t can not be infinitely differentiable when hn h n is finite in length. When hn h n is finite in length, then φt φ t will be finite in length, and the matrix PP will have a finite number of eigenvalues. In particular, PP will have a finite number of eigenvalues of the form 12k 1 2 k . Therefore, φt φ t can not be infinitely differentiable. The scaling functions that are the most differentiable are the spline scaling functions. But they are not orthogonal, as we will see later.

## Normalization for φ'(t)

We can write the equation 2Pφ=φ 2 P φ φ as (2PI)φ=0 2 P I φ 0 When we computed samples of φt φ t we used the normalization nφn=A n φ n A in this equation. What normalization should we use when we compute samples of φt φ t ? We will see that ndφnd n φ n is not the right quantity to normalize, but that nndφnd n n φ n is.

Begin with the dilation equation for the derivative of φt φ t . φt=2k2hkdφ2tkd φ t 2 k 2 h k φ 2 t k Set t=nZ t n , φn=2k2hkdφ2nkd φ n 2 k 2 h k φ 2 n k Sum over nn,

ndφnd=n2k2hkdφ2nkd=2nk2hkdφ2n2kd+2nk2h2k1dφ2n2k+1d=2k2h2kndφ2n2kd+2k2h2k1ndφ2n2k+1d=2k2h2kndφ2nd+2k2h2k1ndφ2n1d=2k2h2kndφ2nd+2k2h2k1ndφ2n1d=22ndφ2nd+22ndφ2n1d=2ndφ2nd+2ndφ2n1d=2ndφnd n φ n n 2 k 2 h k φ 2 n k 2 n k 2 h k φ 2 n 2 k 2 n k 2 h 2 k 1 φ 2 n 2 k 1 2 k 2 h 2 k n φ 2 n 2 k 2 k 2 h 2 k 1 n φ 2 n 2 k 1 2 k 2 h 2 k n φ 2 n 2 k 2 h 2 k 1 n φ 2 n 1 2 k 2 h 2 k n φ 2 n 2 k 2 h 2 k 1 n φ 2 n 1 2 2 n φ 2 n 2 2 n φ 2 n 1 2 n φ 2 n 2 n φ 2 n 1 2 n φ n
(14)
That is, ndφnd=2ndφnd n φ n 2 n φ n or ndφnd=0 n φ n 0 This assumes of course that φt φ t is defined on the integers, for which we need the sum rule n1nnhn=0 n 1 n n h n 0 which we saw before. Similar to what we saw before, if we define S j 12jndφn2jd S j 1 2 j n φ n 2 j and use the same procedure used before, we find that S j =2 S j 1 S j 2 S j 1 Because S 0 =ndφnd=0 S 0 n φ n 0 we find that S j =0 S j 0 for all j0 j 0 . Taking the limit j j gives dφtddt=limit  j S j =0 t φ t j S j 0 or
dφtddt=ndφnd=0 t φ t n φ n 0
(15)
Therefore, we can not use the quantity ndφnd n φ n to normalize φt φ t .

Let us consider now instead the quantity T j 12jkk2jdφk2jd T j 1 2 j k k 2 j φ k 2 j Notice that limit  j T j =tdφtddt j T j t t φ t Set t=k2j t k 2 j in the dilation equation, φk2j=2n2hndφ2k2jnd φ k 2 j 2 n 2 h n φ 2 k 2 j n Multiply by k2j k 2 j and sum over kk,

kk2jdφk2jd=kk2j2n2hndφ2k2jnd=2nhnkk2j1dφk2j1nd=2nhnl(l2j1+n)dφl2j1d=2nhnll2j1dφl2j1d+2nhnlndφl2j1d=2ll2j1dφl2j1dnhn+2nnhnldφl2j1d=2ll2j1dφl2j1d2+0=2ll2j1dφl2j1d k k 2 j φ k 2 j k k 2 j 2 n 2 h n φ 2 k 2 j n 2 n h n k k 2 j 1 φ k 2 j 1 n 2 n h n l l 2 j 1 n φ l 2 j 1 2 n h n l l 2 j 1 φ l 2 j 1 2 n h n l n φ l 2 j 1 2 l l 2 j 1 φ l 2 j 1 n h n 2 n n h n l φ l 2 j 1 2 l l 2 j 1 φ l 2 j 1 2 0 2 l l 2 j 1 φ l 2 j 1
(16)
because ldφl2j1d=0 l φ l 2 j 1 0 . Dividing both sides by 2j 2 j gives 12jkk2jdφk2jd=12j1kk2j1dφk2j1d 1 2 j k k 2 j φ k 2 j 1 2 j 1 k k 2 j 1 φ k 2 j 1 or T j = T j 1 T j T j 1 Taking the limit j j gives
tdφtddt=nndφnd t t φ t n n φ n
(17)
This is similar to this equation.

If we choose to normalize φt φ t such that φtdt=A t φ t A , then what value of tdφtddt t t φ t does this imply? By the product rule, tφt=φt+tdφtd t φ t φ t t φ t Integrating both sides, dtφtddt=φtdt+tdφtddt t t φ t t φ t t t φ t (This is just integration by parts.) If φt φ t is of finite support (or decays sufficiently fast), then dtφtddt=tφt|t==0 t t φ t t t φ t 0 Therefore we get

tdφtddt=φtdt t t φ t t φ t
(18)
So if we choose to normalize φt φ t so that φtdt=A t φ t A , then we also have tdφtddt=A t t φ t A . Combining this with Equation 17 indicates that we should normalize the eigenvector when we compute samples of φt φ t by nndφnd=A n n φ n A Appending this normalization to the equations we already have for the integer samples of φt φ t gives the following matrix system.
( 2PI 012N1 )φ=( 0 A ) 2 P I 0 1 2 N 1 φ 0 A
(19)
We can compute samples of φt φ t on a finer grid by the same refinement method used for φt φ t .

## Exercise

Develop the procedure for the second derivative φt 2 φ t . Give a condition that ensures that φt 2 φ t exists on the integers, and show why the condition works. Show how to compute φt 2 φ t on the integers. Show what normalization on φt 2 φ t is induced by the normalization φtdt=A t φ t A . Using Matlab, make plots of φt φ t and φt 2 φ t for some examples hn h n that satisfy the appropriate conditions.

## Splines

Given KK, the shortest hn h n for which Hz=Qzz-1+1K H z Q z z 1 K has Qz Q z equal to a constant chosen so that H1=2 H 1 2 . The result is Hz=2z-1+12K H z 2 z 1 2 K It turns out that the scaling function φt φ t corresponding to this is a square pulse repeatedly convolved with itself. The result is a spline - a function that is piecewise polynomial.

## Content actions

### Give feedback:

My Favorites (?)

'My Favorites' is a special kind of lens which you can use to bookmark modules and collections. 'My Favorites' can only be seen by you, and collections saved in 'My Favorites' can remember the last module you were on. You need an account to use 'My Favorites'.

| A lens I own (?)

#### Definition of a lens

##### Lenses

A lens is a custom view of the content in the repository. You can think of it as a fancy kind of list that will let you see content through the eyes of organizations and people you trust.

##### What is in a lens?

Lens makers point to materials (modules and collections), creating a guide that includes their own comments and descriptive tags about the content.

##### Who can create a lens?

Any individual member, a community, or a respected organization.

##### What are tags?

Tags are descriptors added by lens makers to help label content, attaching a vocabulary that is meaningful in the context of the lens.

| External bookmarks