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<!DOCTYPE document PUBLIC "-//CNX//DTD CNXML 0.5 plus MathML//EN" "http://cnx.rice.edu/cnxml/0.5/DTD/cnxml_mathml.dtd">
<document xmlns="http://cnx.rice.edu/cnxml" xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" id="m11136">
  
  <name xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/">Perfect Reconstruction (PR)</name>
  
  <metadata xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/">
  <md:version xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/">2.2</md:version>
  <md:created xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/">2003/05/01</md:created>
  <md:revised xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/">2003/06/19</md:revised>
  <md:authorlist xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/">
      <md:author xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" id="ngk">
      <md:firstname xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/">Nick</md:firstname>
      
      <md:surname xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/">Kingsbury</md:surname>
      <md:email xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/">ngk10@cam.ac.uk</md:email>
    </md:author>
  </md:authorlist>

  <md:maintainerlist xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/">
    <md:maintainer xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" id="liqun">
      <md:firstname xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/">Liqun</md:firstname>
      
      <md:surname xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/">Wang</md:surname>
      <md:email xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/">liqun@rice.edu</md:email>
    </md:maintainer>
    <md:maintainer xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" id="ngk">
      <md:firstname xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/">Nick</md:firstname>
      
      <md:surname xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/">Kingsbury</md:surname>
      <md:email xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/">ngk10@cam.ac.uk</md:email>
    </md:maintainer>
  </md:maintainerlist>
  
  <md:keywordlist xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/">
    <md:keyword xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/">anti-aliasing condition</md:keyword>
    <md:keyword xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/">arbitrary filters</md:keyword>
    <md:keyword xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/">perfect reconstruction</md:keyword>
  </md:keywordlist>

  <md:abstract xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/">This module discusses perfect reconstruction (PR).</md:abstract>
</metadata>
  
  <content xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/">
    <para xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" id="para1">
      We are now able to generalize our analysis for arbitrary filters 
      <m:math>
	<m:ci>
	  <m:msub><m:mi>H</m:mi><m:mn>0</m:mn></m:msub>
	</m:ci>
      </m:math>, 
      <m:math>
	<m:ci>
	  <m:msub><m:mi>H</m:mi><m:mn>1</m:mn></m:msub>
	</m:ci>
      </m:math>, 
      <m:math>
	<m:ci>
	  <m:msub><m:mi>G</m:mi><m:mn>0</m:mn></m:msub>
	</m:ci>
      </m:math> and 
      <m:math>
	<m:ci>
	  <m:msub><m:mi>G</m:mi><m:mn>1</m:mn></m:msub>
	</m:ci>
      </m:math>. Substituting <cnxn xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" document="m11135" target="eq11" strength="7">this equation</cnxn> and <cnxn xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" document="m11135" target="eq12" strength="7">this equation</cnxn> in our
      discussion of 2-band filter bank into <cnxn xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" document="m11135" target="eq9" strength="7">this earlier equation</cnxn> and then
      using <cnxn xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" document="m11135" target="eq4a" strength="7">this
      equation</cnxn> and <cnxn xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" document="m11135" target="eq4b" strength="7">this equation</cnxn> from the same discussion, we
      get:

      <equation xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" id="eq13">
	<m:math>
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:eq/>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:ci type="fn">
		<m:mover accent="true">
		  <m:mi>X</m:mi>
		  <m:mo>^</m:mo>
		</m:mover>
	      </m:ci>
	      <m:ci>z</m:ci>
	    </m:apply>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:plus/>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:times/>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:divide/>
		  <m:cn>1</m:cn>
		  <m:cn>2</m:cn>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">
		    <m:msub><m:mi>G</m:mi><m:mn>0</m:mn></m:msub>
		  </m:ci>
		  <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:plus/>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:ci type="fn">
		      <m:msub><m:mi>Y</m:mi><m:mn>0</m:mn></m:msub> 
		    </m:ci>
		    <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		  </m:apply>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:ci type="fn">
		      <m:msub><m:mi>Y</m:mi><m:mn>0</m:mn></m:msub> 
		    </m:ci>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:minus/>
		      <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:times/>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:divide/>
		  <m:cn>1</m:cn>
		  <m:cn>2</m:cn>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">
		    <m:msub><m:mi>G</m:mi><m:mn>1</m:mn></m:msub>
		  </m:ci>
		  <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:plus/>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:ci type="fn">
		      <m:msub><m:mi>Y</m:mi><m:mn>1</m:mn></m:msub> 
		    </m:ci>
		    <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		  </m:apply>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:ci type="fn">
		      <m:msub><m:mi>Y</m:mi><m:mn>1</m:mn></m:msub> 
		    </m:ci>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:minus/>
		      <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>
	    
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:plus/>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:times/>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:divide/>
		  <m:cn>1</m:cn>
		  <m:cn>2</m:cn>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">
		    <m:msub><m:mi>G</m:mi><m:mn>0</m:mn></m:msub>
		  </m:ci>
		  <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">
		    <m:msub><m:mi>H</m:mi><m:mn>0</m:mn></m:msub>
		  </m:ci>
		  <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">X</m:ci>
		  <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:times/>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:divide/>
		  <m:cn>1</m:cn>
		  <m:cn>2</m:cn>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">
		    <m:msub><m:mi>G</m:mi><m:mn>0</m:mn></m:msub>
		  </m:ci>
		  <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">
		    <m:msub><m:mi>H</m:mi><m:mn>0</m:mn></m:msub>
		  </m:ci>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:minus/>
		    <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">X</m:ci>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:minus/>
		    <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:times/>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:divide/>
		  <m:cn>1</m:cn>
		  <m:cn>2</m:cn>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">
		    <m:msub><m:mi>G</m:mi><m:mn>1</m:mn></m:msub>
		  </m:ci>
		  <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">
		    <m:msub><m:mi>H</m:mi><m:mn>1</m:mn></m:msub>
		  </m:ci>
		  <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">X</m:ci>
		  <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:times/>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:divide/>
		  <m:cn>1</m:cn>
		  <m:cn>2</m:cn>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">
		    <m:msub><m:mi>G</m:mi><m:mn>1</m:mn></m:msub>
		  </m:ci>
		  <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">
		    <m:msub><m:mi>H</m:mi><m:mn>1</m:mn></m:msub>
		  </m:ci>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:minus/>
		    <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">X</m:ci>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:minus/>
		    <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>

	    <m:apply>
	      <m:plus/>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:times/>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:divide/>
		  <m:cn>1</m:cn>
		  <m:cn>2</m:cn>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">X</m:ci>
		  <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:plus/>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:times/>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:ci type="fn">
			<m:msub><m:mi>G</m:mi><m:mn>0</m:mn></m:msub>
		      </m:ci>
		      <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		    </m:apply>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:ci type="fn">
			<m:msub><m:mi>H</m:mi><m:mn>0</m:mn></m:msub>
		      </m:ci>
		      <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:times/>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:ci type="fn">
			<m:msub><m:mi>G</m:mi><m:mn>1</m:mn></m:msub>
		      </m:ci>
		      <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		    </m:apply>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:ci type="fn">
			<m:msub><m:mi>H</m:mi><m:mn>1</m:mn></m:msub>
		      </m:ci>
		      <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:times/>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:divide/>
		  <m:cn>1</m:cn>
		  <m:cn>2</m:cn>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">X</m:ci>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:minus/>
		    <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:plus/>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:times/>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:ci type="fn">
			<m:msub><m:mi>G</m:mi><m:mn>0</m:mn></m:msub>
		      </m:ci>
		      <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		    </m:apply>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:ci type="fn">
			<m:msub><m:mi>H</m:mi><m:mn>0</m:mn></m:msub>
		      </m:ci>
		      <m:apply>
			<m:minus/>
			<m:ci>z</m:ci>
		      </m:apply>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:times/>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:ci type="fn">
			<m:msub><m:mi>G</m:mi><m:mn>1</m:mn></m:msub>
		      </m:ci>
		      <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		    </m:apply>
		    <m:apply>
		      <m:ci type="fn">
			<m:msub><m:mi>H</m:mi><m:mn>1</m:mn></m:msub>
		      </m:ci>
		      <m:apply>
			<m:minus/>
			<m:ci>z</m:ci>
		      </m:apply>
		    </m:apply>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>
	  </m:apply>
	</m:math>
      </equation>

      If we require 
      <m:math>
	<m:apply>
	  <m:equivalent/>
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:ci type="fn">
	      <m:mover accent="true">
		<m:mi>X</m:mi>
		<m:mo>^</m:mo>
	      </m:mover>
	    </m:ci>
	    <m:ci>z</m:ci>
	  </m:apply>
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:ci type="fn">X</m:ci>
	    <m:ci>z</m:ci>
	  </m:apply>
	</m:apply>
      </m:math> - the Perfect Reconstruction (PR) condition - then:

      <equation xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" id="eq14">
	<m:math>
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:equivalent/>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:plus/>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:times/>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">
		    <m:msub><m:mi>G</m:mi><m:mn>0</m:mn></m:msub>
		  </m:ci>
		  <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">
		    <m:msub><m:mi>H</m:mi><m:mn>0</m:mn></m:msub>
		  </m:ci>
		  <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:times/>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">
		    <m:msub><m:mi>G</m:mi><m:mn>1</m:mn></m:msub>
		  </m:ci>
		  <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">
		    <m:msub><m:mi>H</m:mi><m:mn>1</m:mn></m:msub>
		  </m:ci>
		  <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>
	    <m:cn>2</m:cn>
	  </m:apply>
	</m:math>
      </equation>

      and
      
      <equation xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" id="eq15">
	<m:math>
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:equivalent/>
	    <m:apply>
	      <m:plus/>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:times/>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">
		    <m:msub><m:mi>G</m:mi><m:mn>0</m:mn></m:msub>
		  </m:ci>
		  <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">
		    <m:msub><m:mi>H</m:mi><m:mn>0</m:mn></m:msub>
		  </m:ci>
		  <m:apply>
		    <m:minus/>
		    <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	      <m:apply>
		<m:times/>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">
		    <m:msub><m:mi>G</m:mi><m:mn>1</m:mn></m:msub>
		  </m:ci>
		  <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		</m:apply>
		<m:apply>
		  <m:ci type="fn">
		    <m:msub><m:mi>H</m:mi><m:mn>1</m:mn></m:msub>
		  </m:ci>
		   <m:apply>
		    <m:minus/>
		    <m:ci>z</m:ci>
		  </m:apply>
		</m:apply>
	      </m:apply>
	    </m:apply>
	    <m:cn>0</m:cn>
	  </m:apply>
	</m:math>
      </equation>

      Identity <cnxn xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" target="eq15" strength="7"/> is known as the
      <term xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/">anti-aliasing condition</term> because the term in 
      <m:math>
	<m:apply>
	  <m:ci type="fn">X</m:ci>
	  <m:apply>
	    <m:minus/>
	    <m:ci>z</m:ci>
	  </m:apply>
	</m:apply>
      </m:math> in <cnxn xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" target="eq13" strength="7"/> is the unwanted
      aliasing term caused by down-sampling 
      <m:math>
	<m:ci type="vector">
	  <m:msub><m:mi>y</m:mi><m:mn>0</m:mn></m:msub>
	</m:ci>
      </m:math> and 
      <m:math>
	<m:ci type="vector">
	  <m:msub><m:mi>y</m:mi><m:mn>1</m:mn></m:msub>
	</m:ci>
      </m:math> by 2.
    </para>

    <para xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" id="para2">
      It is straightforward to show that the expression for 
      <m:math>
	<m:ci>
	  <m:msub><m:mi>H</m:mi><m:mn>0</m:mn></m:msub>
	</m:ci>
      </m:math>, 
      <m:math>
	<m:ci>
	  <m:msub><m:mi>H</m:mi><m:mn>1</m:mn></m:msub>
	</m:ci>
      </m:math>, 
      <m:math>
	<m:ci>
	  <m:msub><m:mi>G</m:mi><m:mn>0</m:mn></m:msub>
	</m:ci>
      </m:math> and 
      <m:math>
	<m:ci>
	  <m:msub><m:mi>G</m:mi><m:mn>1</m:mn></m:msub>
	</m:ci>
      </m:math>, given in <cnxn xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" document="m11135" target="eq4a" strength="7">this equation</cnxn>, <cnxn xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" document="m11135" target="eq4b" strength="7">this equation</cnxn>, <cnxn xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" document="m11135" target="eq8a" strength="7">this equation</cnxn>
      and <cnxn xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" document="m11135" target="eq8b" strength="7">this
      equation</cnxn> for the filters based on the Haar transform,
      satisfy <cnxn xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" target="eq14" strength="7"/> and <cnxn xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" target="eq15" strength="7"/>. They are the simplest set of
      filters which do.
    </para>

    <para xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" id="para3">
      Before we look at more complicated PR filters, we examine how
      the filter structures of <cnxn xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" document="m11135" target="figure1" strength="7">this figure</cnxn> may be extended to form a
      binary filter tree (and the discrete wavelet transform).
    </para>

  </content>
</document>
