Type-Based Detection

Module by: Don Johnson

Perhaps the ultimate non-parametric detector makes no assumptions about the observations' probability distribution under either model. Here, we assume that data representative of each model are available to train the detection algorithm. One approach uses artificial neural networks, which are difficult to analyze in terms of both optimality and performance. When the observations are discrete-valued, a provable optimal detection algorithm (Gutman) can be derived using the theory of types.

For a two-model evaluation problem, let r ˜ r ˜ (length L ˜ L ˜ ) denote training data representative of some unknown probability distribution PP. We assume that the data have statistically independent components. To derive a non-parametric detector, form a generalized likelihood ratio to distinguish whether a set of observations rr (length LL) has the same distribution as the training data or a different one QQ. logΛr=logmaxP,Q{PrQ r ˜ }maxP{PrP r ˜ } Λ r P Q P r Q r ˜ P P r P r ˜ Because a type is the maximum likelihood estimate of the probability distribution (see Histogram Estimators), we simply substitute types for the training data and observations probability distributions into the likelihood ratio. The probability of a set of observations having a probability distribution identical to its type equals ⅇ-Lℋ P ̂ L ℋ P . Thus, the log likelihood ratio becomes logΛr=logⅇ-LℋP̂rⅇ- L ˜ ℋP̂ r ˜ ⅇ-L+ L ˜ ℋP̂ r , r ˜ Λ r L ℋ P r L ˜ ℋ P r ˜ L L ˜ ℋ P r , r ˜ The denominator term means that the training and observed data are lumped together to form a type. This type equals the linear combination of the types for the training and observed data weighted by their relative lengths. P̂ r , r ˜ =LP̂r+ L ˜ P̂ r ˜ L+ L ˜ P r , r ˜ L P r L ˜ P r ˜ L L ˜ Returning to the log likelihood ratio, we have that logΛr=-LℋP̂r- L ˜ ℋP̂ r ˜ +L+ L ˜ ℋLP̂r+ L ˜ P̂ r ˜ L+ L ˜ Λ r L ℋ P r L ˜ ℋ P r ˜ L L ˜ ℋ L P r L ˜ P r ˜ L L ˜ Note that the last term equals L+ L ˜ ℋLP̂r+ L ˜ P̂ r ˜ L+ L ˜ =-∑aL P r a ̂+ L ˜ P r ˜ a ̂logL P r a ̂+ L ˜ P r ˜ a ̂L+ L ˜ L L ˜ ℋ L P r L ˜ P r ˜ L L ˜ a a L P r a L ˜ P r ˜ a L P r a L ˜ P r ˜ a L L ˜ which means it can be combined with the other terms to yield the simple expression for the log likelihood ratio.

When the training data and the observed data are drawn from the same distribution, the Kullback-Leibler distances will be small. When the distributions differ, the distances will be larger. Defining ℳ 0 ℳ 0 to be the model that the training data and observations have the same distribution and ℳ 1 ℳ 1 that they don't, Gutman showed that when we use the decision rule 1LlogΛr ≷ ℳ 0 ℳ 1 γ 1 L Λ r ≷ ℳ 0 ℳ 1 γ its false-alarm probability has an exponential rate at least as large as the threshold and the miss probability is the smallest among all decision rules based on training data. limL→∞1L P F ≤-γ L 1 L P F γ and P M P M minimum.

We can extend these results to the KK-model case if we have training data r ˜ i r ˜ i (each of length L ˜ L ˜ ) that represent model ℳ i ℳ i , i∈0…K-1 i 0 … K 1 . Given observed data r r (length LL), we calculate the log likelihood function given above for each model to determine whether the observations closely resemble the tested training data or not. More precisely, define the sufficient statistics ϒ i ϒ i according to ϒ i =P̂r∥P̂ r , r ˜ i + L ˜ LP̂ r ˜ ∥P̂ r , r ˜ i -γ ϒ i P r P r , r ˜ i L ˜ L P r ˜ P r , r ˜ i γ Ideally, this statistic would be negative for one of the training sets (matching it) and positive for all of the others (not matching them). However, we could also have the observation matching more than one training set. In all such cases, we define a rejection region ℜ ? ℜ ? similar to what we defined in sequential model evaluation. Thus, we define the i th i th decision region ℜ i ℜ i according to ϒ i <0 ϒ i 0 and ϒ j >0 ϒ j 0 , j≠i j i and the rejection region as the complement of ⋃ i = 0 K − 1 ℜ i ⋃ i = 0 K − 1 ℜ i . Note that all decision regions depend on the value of γγ, a number we must choose. Regardless of the value chosen, the probability of confusing models - choosing some model other than the true one - has an exponential rate that is at least γγ for all models. Because of the presence of a rejection region, another kind of "error" is to not choose any model. This decision rule is optimal in the sense that no other training-data-based decision rule has a smaller rejection region than the type-based one.

Because it controls the exponential rate of confusing models, we would like γγ to be as large as possible. However, the rejection region grows as γγ increases; choosing too large a value could make virtually all decisions rejections. What we want to ensure is that limL→∞Pr ℜ ? | ℳ i =0 L ℳ i ℜ ? 0 . Obtaining this behavior requires that limL→∞ L ˜ L>0 L L ˜ L 0 : As the length of the observations increases, so must the size of the training set. In summary, for some i : limL→∞ L ˜ L=0∨γ> γ 0 ⇒limL→∞Pr ℜ ? | ℳ i =1 for some i : L L ˜ L 0 γ γ 0 L ℳ i ℜ ? 1 ∀i:limL→∞ L ˜ L>0∧γ< γ 0 ⇒limL→∞1LPr ℜ ? | ℳ i ≤-β<0 i L L ˜ L 0 γ γ 0 L 1 L ℳ i ℜ ? β 0 The critical value γ 0 γ 0 depends on the true distributions underlying the models. The exponential rate of the rejection probability ββ also depends on the true distributions. These results mean that if sufficient training data are available and the decision threshold is not too large, then we can perform optimal detection based entirely on data! As the number of observations increases (and the amount of training data as well), the critical threshold γ 0 γ 0 becomes the Kullback-Liebler distance between the unknown models. In other words, the type-based detector becomes optimal!

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This work is licensed by Don Johnson under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 1.0).

Last edited by Charlet Reedstrom on Sep 17, 2003 2:12 pm GMT-5.