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  <name xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/">Digital Filtering Basics</name>
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      <md:firstname xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/">Deania</md:firstname>
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    <md:keyword xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/">digital</md:keyword>
    <md:keyword xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/">FIR</md:keyword>
    <md:keyword xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/">finite impulse response</md:keyword>
    <md:keyword xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/">filtering</md:keyword>
    <md:keyword xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/">filter</md:keyword>
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  <md:abstract xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/">In this module, the basics of digital filtering is discussed.</md:abstract>
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<para xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" id="DigitalFil1">
You should be familiar with analog filters, which takes an analog input signal and output analog signal.  Digital filters, with the sampling device and digital-to-analog converter, can do the same job
as analog filters.  Analog filters are specified by its impulse response <m:math display="inline"><m:semantics><m:apply><m:ci type="fn">h</m:ci><m:ci>t</m:ci></m:apply></m:semantics></m:math> and the output signal  <m:math display="inline"><m:semantics><m:mrow><m:apply>
<m:ci type="fn">y</m:ci><m:ci>t</m:ci></m:apply></m:mrow></m:semantics></m:math> for input signal  <m:math display="inline"><m:semantics><m:mrow><m:apply><m:ci type="fn">x</m:ci><m:ci>t</m:ci></m:apply></m:mrow></m:semantics></m:math> is given by the convolution integral
</para>

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<m:apply>
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<m:lowlimit><m:cn>0</m:cn></m:lowlimit>
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<m:apply>
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<m:apply>
<m:ci type="fn">x</m:ci>

<m:apply>
<m:minus/>
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<m:ci>u</m:ci>
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<m:apply>
<m:ci type="fn">h</m:ci>
<m:ci>u</m:ci>
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<para xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" id="DigitalFil3">
Similarly, digital filters are specified by its impulse <m:math><m:apply><m:ci type="fn">h</m:ci><m:ci>n</m:ci></m:apply></m:math> and the output sequence <m:math><m:apply><m:ci type="fn">y</m:ci><m:ci>n</m:ci></m:apply></m:math>
for the input sequence (samples of input analog signal) <m:math><m:apply><m:ci type="fn">x</m:ci><m:ci>n</m:ci></m:apply></m:math> by the discrete convolution
</para>

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    			<m:ci> 0 </m:ci>
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    					<m:ci> N </m:ci>
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<para xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" id="DigitalFil5">
The filter design problem is to design the impulse response 
<m:math>
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<m:ci type="function">h</m:ci>
<m:ci>n</m:ci>
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so that the digital filter, together with the sample and D/A converter, performs the same processing as the analog filters.  There are many possible ways to pick 
<m:math>
<m:apply>
<m:ci type="function">h</m:ci>
<m:ci>n</m:ci>
</m:apply>
</m:math>
to implement filtering.
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