<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE document PUBLIC "-//CNX//DTD CNXML 0.5 plus MathML//EN" "http://cnx.rice.edu/cnxml/0.5/DTD/cnxml_mathml.dtd">
<document xmlns="http://cnx.rice.edu/cnxml" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml/0.4" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" id="id21818975">
  <name>DoubleSlitDiffraction.xhtml</name>
  <metadata>
  <md:version>**new**</md:version>
  <md:created>2005/07/22 15:26:30.156 GMT-5</md:created>
  <md:revised>2005/07/22 15:27:08.370 GMT-5</md:revised>
  <md:authorlist>
      <md:author id="padley">
      <md:firstname>Paul</md:firstname>
      
      <md:surname>Padley</md:surname>
      <md:email>padley@rice.edu</md:email>
    </md:author>
  </md:authorlist>

  <md:maintainerlist>
    <md:maintainer id="padley">
      <md:firstname>Paul</md:firstname>
      
      <md:surname>Padley</md:surname>
      <md:email>padley@rice.edu</md:email>
    </md:maintainer>
  </md:maintainerlist>
  
  <md:keywordlist>
    <md:keyword>Diffraction</md:keyword>
    <md:keyword>double slit</md:keyword>
  </md:keywordlist>

  <md:abstract>we derive the expression describing double slit diffraction</md:abstract>
</metadata>
  <content>
<section id="id21766567">
<name>Two Slit Diffraction</name>
<para id="id21392284">
   Now we consider the case of two slit
   diffraction.

   <figure id="id16611756"><media type="image/png" src="double-slit.png"/></figure>

Notice
   that the x axis has been drawn through the lower slit. Then the field at the
   distant point is just the sum of the field from the two slits. Thus we can use
   our solution to single slit diffraction for each slit and add them
   together<m:math mode="display" display="block">
     <m:mrow>
       <m:mi>E</m:mi>
       <m:mo form="infix">=</m:mo>
       <m:mrow>
         <m:mrow>
           <m:mfrac>
             <m:mrow>
               <m:msub>
                 <m:mi>ε</m:mi>
                 <m:mi>L</m:mi>
               </m:msub>
               <m:mo/>
               <m:mi>a</m:mi>
             </m:mrow>
             <m:msub>
               <m:mi>R</m:mi>
               <m:mn>1</m:mn>
             </m:msub>
           </m:mfrac>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mi>s</m:mi>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mi>i</m:mi>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mi>n</m:mi>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mi>c</m:mi>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mi>β</m:mi>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:msup>
             <m:mi>e</m:mi>
             <m:mrow>
               <m:mi>i</m:mi>
               <m:mo/>
               <m:mrow>
                 <m:mo stretchy="false" fence="true" form="prefix">(</m:mo>
                 <m:mrow>
                   <m:mrow>
                     <m:mi>k</m:mi>
                     <m:mo/>
                     <m:msub>
                       <m:mi>R</m:mi>
                       <m:mn>1</m:mn>
                     </m:msub>
                   </m:mrow>
                   <m:mo form="infix">−</m:mo>
                   <m:mrow>
                     <m:mi>ω</m:mi>
                     <m:mo/>
                     <m:mi>t</m:mi>
                   </m:mrow>
                 </m:mrow>
                 <m:mo stretchy="false" fence="true" form="postfix">)</m:mo>
               </m:mrow>
             </m:mrow>
           </m:msup>
         </m:mrow>
         <m:mo form="infix">+</m:mo>
         <m:mrow>
           <m:mfrac>
             <m:mrow>
               <m:msub>
                 <m:mi>ε</m:mi>
                 <m:mi>L</m:mi>
               </m:msub>
               <m:mo/>
               <m:mi>a</m:mi>
             </m:mrow>
             <m:msub>
               <m:mi>R</m:mi>
               <m:mn>2</m:mn>
             </m:msub>
           </m:mfrac>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mi>s</m:mi>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mi>i</m:mi>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mi>n</m:mi>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mi>c</m:mi>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mi>β</m:mi>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:msup>
             <m:mi>e</m:mi>
             <m:mrow>
               <m:mi>i</m:mi>
               <m:mo/>
               <m:mrow>
                 <m:mo stretchy="false" fence="true" form="prefix">(</m:mo>
                 <m:mrow>
                   <m:mrow>
                     <m:mi>k</m:mi>
                     <m:mo/>
                     <m:msub>
                       <m:mi>R</m:mi>
                       <m:mn>2</m:mn>
                     </m:msub>
                   </m:mrow>
                   <m:mo form="infix">−</m:mo>
                   <m:mrow>
                     <m:mi>ω</m:mi>
                     <m:mo/>
                     <m:mi>t</m:mi>
                   </m:mrow>
                 </m:mrow>
                 <m:mo stretchy="false" fence="true" form="postfix">)</m:mo>
               </m:mrow>
             </m:mrow>
           </m:msup>
         </m:mrow>
       </m:mrow>
     </m:mrow>
   </m:math>
</para>
<para id="id21242734">
   Now we we will define
   <m:math display="inline">
     <m:mrow>
       <m:mi>R</m:mi>
       <m:mo form="infix">=</m:mo>
       <m:msub>
         <m:mi>R</m:mi>
         <m:mn>1</m:mn>
       </m:msub>
     </m:mrow>
   </m:math>
   and use
   <m:math display="inline">
     <m:mrow>
       <m:msub>
         <m:mi>R</m:mi>
         <m:mn>2</m:mn>
       </m:msub>
       <m:mo form="infix">=</m:mo>
       <m:mrow>
         <m:mi>R</m:mi>
         <m:mo form="infix">−</m:mo>
         <m:mrow>
           <m:mi>d</m:mi>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mrow>
             <m:mi mathcolor="gray">sin</m:mi>
             <m:mo/>
             <m:mi>θ</m:mi>
           </m:mrow>
         </m:mrow>
       </m:mrow>
     </m:mrow>
   </m:math>
   <m:math mode="display" display="block">
     <m:mrow>
       <m:mi>E</m:mi>
       <m:mo form="infix">=</m:mo>
       <m:mrow>
         <m:mrow>
           <m:mfrac>
             <m:mrow>
               <m:msub>
                 <m:mi>ε</m:mi>
                 <m:mi>L</m:mi>
               </m:msub>
               <m:mo/>
               <m:mi>a</m:mi>
             </m:mrow>
             <m:mi>R</m:mi>
           </m:mfrac>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mi>s</m:mi>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mi>i</m:mi>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mi>n</m:mi>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mi>c</m:mi>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mi>β</m:mi>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:msup>
             <m:mi>e</m:mi>
             <m:mrow>
               <m:mi>i</m:mi>
               <m:mo/>
               <m:mrow>
                 <m:mo stretchy="false" fence="true" form="prefix">(</m:mo>
                 <m:mrow>
                   <m:mrow>
                     <m:mi>k</m:mi>
                     <m:mo/>
                     <m:mi>R</m:mi>
                   </m:mrow>
                   <m:mo form="infix">−</m:mo>
                   <m:mrow>
                     <m:mi>ω</m:mi>
                     <m:mo/>
                     <m:mi>t</m:mi>
                   </m:mrow>
                 </m:mrow>
                 <m:mo stretchy="false" fence="true" form="postfix">)</m:mo>
               </m:mrow>
             </m:mrow>
           </m:msup>
         </m:mrow>
         <m:mo form="infix">+</m:mo>
         <m:mrow>
           <m:mfrac>
             <m:mrow>
               <m:msub>
                 <m:mi>ε</m:mi>
                 <m:mi>L</m:mi>
               </m:msub>
               <m:mo/>
               <m:mi>a</m:mi>
             </m:mrow>
             <m:mrow>
               <m:mi>R</m:mi>
               <m:mo form="infix">−</m:mo>
               <m:mrow>
                 <m:mi>d</m:mi>
                 <m:mo/>
                 <m:mrow>
                   <m:mi mathcolor="gray">sin</m:mi>
                   <m:mo/>
                   <m:mi>θ</m:mi>
                 </m:mrow>
               </m:mrow>
             </m:mrow>
           </m:mfrac>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mi>s</m:mi>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mi>i</m:mi>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mi>n</m:mi>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mi>c</m:mi>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mi>β</m:mi>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:msup>
             <m:mi>e</m:mi>
             <m:mrow>
               <m:mi>i</m:mi>
               <m:mo/>
               <m:mrow>
                 <m:mo stretchy="false" fence="true" form="prefix">(</m:mo>
                 <m:mrow>
                   <m:mrow>
                     <m:mi>k</m:mi>
                     <m:mo/>
                     <m:mi>R</m:mi>
                   </m:mrow>
                   <m:mo form="infix">−</m:mo>
                   <m:mrow>
                     <m:mi>k</m:mi>
                     <m:mo/>
                     <m:mi>d</m:mi>
                     <m:mo/>
                     <m:mrow>
                       <m:mi mathcolor="gray">sin</m:mi>
                       <m:mo/>
                       <m:mi>θ</m:mi>
                     </m:mrow>
                   </m:mrow>
                   <m:mo form="infix">−</m:mo>
                   <m:mrow>
                     <m:mi>ω</m:mi>
                     <m:mo/>
                     <m:mi>t</m:mi>
                   </m:mrow>
                 </m:mrow>
                 <m:mo stretchy="false" fence="true" form="postfix">)</m:mo>
               </m:mrow>
             </m:mrow>
           </m:msup>
         </m:mrow>
       </m:mrow>
     </m:mrow>
   </m:math>
   Now we can ignore the
   <m:math display="inline">
     <m:mrow>
       <m:mi>d</m:mi>
       <m:mo/>
       <m:mrow>
         <m:mi mathcolor="gray">sin</m:mi>
         <m:mo/>
         <m:mi>θ</m:mi>
       </m:mrow>
     </m:mrow>
   </m:math>
   in the denominator, as it will not have a significant effect on that. However
   in the exponent, we can not ignore it, since it could significantly affect the
   phase of the harmonic function.  Lets define
   <m:math display="inline">
     <m:mrow>
       <m:mi>α</m:mi>
       <m:mo form="infix">=</m:mo>
       <m:mrow>
         <m:mrow>
           <m:mo stretchy="false" fence="true" form="prefix">(</m:mo>
           <m:mrow>
             <m:mi>k</m:mi>
             <m:mo/>
             <m:mi>d</m:mi>
             <m:mo/>
             <m:mrow>
               <m:mi mathcolor="gray">sin</m:mi>
               <m:mo/>
               <m:mi>θ</m:mi>
             </m:mrow>
           </m:mrow>
           <m:mo stretchy="false" fence="true" form="postfix">)</m:mo>
         </m:mrow>
         <m:mo form="infix">/</m:mo>
         <m:mn>2</m:mn>
       </m:mrow>
     </m:mrow>
   </m:math>
   so now we can write:
   <m:math mode="display" display="block">
     <m:mrow>
       <m:mi>E</m:mi>
       <m:mo form="infix">=</m:mo>
       <m:mrow>
         <m:mrow>
           <m:mfrac>
             <m:mrow>
               <m:msub>
                 <m:mi>ε</m:mi>
                 <m:mi>L</m:mi>
               </m:msub>
               <m:mo/>
               <m:mi>a</m:mi>
             </m:mrow>
             <m:mi>R</m:mi>
           </m:mfrac>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mi>s</m:mi>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mi>i</m:mi>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mi>n</m:mi>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mi>c</m:mi>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mi>β</m:mi>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:msup>
             <m:mi>e</m:mi>
             <m:mrow>
               <m:mi>i</m:mi>
               <m:mo/>
               <m:mrow>
                 <m:mo stretchy="false" fence="true" form="prefix">(</m:mo>
                 <m:mrow>
                   <m:mrow>
                     <m:mi>k</m:mi>
                     <m:mo/>
                     <m:mi>R</m:mi>
                   </m:mrow>
                   <m:mo form="infix">−</m:mo>
                   <m:mrow>
                     <m:mi>ω</m:mi>
                     <m:mo/>
                     <m:mi>t</m:mi>
                   </m:mrow>
                 </m:mrow>
                 <m:mo stretchy="false" fence="true" form="postfix">)</m:mo>
               </m:mrow>
             </m:mrow>
           </m:msup>
         </m:mrow>
         <m:mo form="infix">+</m:mo>
         <m:mrow>
           <m:mfrac>
             <m:mrow>
               <m:msub>
                 <m:mi>ε</m:mi>
                 <m:mi>L</m:mi>
               </m:msub>
               <m:mo/>
               <m:mi>a</m:mi>
             </m:mrow>
             <m:mi>R</m:mi>
           </m:mfrac>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mi>s</m:mi>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mi>i</m:mi>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mi>n</m:mi>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mi>c</m:mi>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mi>β</m:mi>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:msup>
             <m:mi>e</m:mi>
             <m:mrow>
               <m:mi>i</m:mi>
               <m:mo/>
               <m:mrow>
                 <m:mo stretchy="false" fence="true" form="prefix">(</m:mo>
                 <m:mrow>
                   <m:mrow>
                     <m:mi>k</m:mi>
                     <m:mo/>
                     <m:mi>R</m:mi>
                   </m:mrow>
                   <m:mo form="infix">−</m:mo>
                   <m:mrow>
                     <m:mn>2</m:mn>
                     <m:mo/>
                     <m:mi>α</m:mi>
                   </m:mrow>
                   <m:mo form="infix">−</m:mo>
                   <m:mrow>
                     <m:mi>ω</m:mi>
                     <m:mo/>
                     <m:mi>t</m:mi>
                   </m:mrow>
                 </m:mrow>
                 <m:mo stretchy="false" fence="true" form="postfix">)</m:mo>
               </m:mrow>
             </m:mrow>
           </m:msup>
         </m:mrow>
       </m:mrow>
     </m:mrow>
   </m:math>
   and start rearranging:
   <m:math mode="display" display="block">
   </m:math><m:math mode="display" display="block">
   </m:math><m:math mode="display" display="block">
     <m:mrow>
       <m:mi>E</m:mi>
       <m:mo form="infix">=</m:mo>
       <m:mrow>
         <m:mfrac>
           <m:mrow>
             <m:msub>
               <m:mi>ε</m:mi>
               <m:mi>L</m:mi>
             </m:msub>
             <m:mo/>
             <m:mi>a</m:mi>
           </m:mrow>
           <m:mi>R</m:mi>
         </m:mfrac>
         <m:mo/>
         <m:mi>s</m:mi>
         <m:mo/>
         <m:mi>i</m:mi>
         <m:mo/>
         <m:mi>n</m:mi>
         <m:mo/>
         <m:mi>c</m:mi>
         <m:mo/>
         <m:mi>β</m:mi>
         <m:mo/>
         <m:mrow>
           <m:mo symmetric="true" stretchy="true" fence="true" form="prefix">[</m:mo>
           <m:mrow>
             <m:mn>2</m:mn>
             <m:mo/>
             <m:mrow>
               <m:mi mathcolor="gray">cos</m:mi>
               <m:mo/>
               <m:mi>α</m:mi>
             </m:mrow>
           </m:mrow>
           <m:mo symmetric="true" stretchy="true" fence="true" form="postfix">]</m:mo>
         </m:mrow>
         <m:mo/>
         <m:msup>
           <m:mi>e</m:mi>
           <m:mrow>
             <m:mi>i</m:mi>
             <m:mo/>
             <m:mrow>
               <m:mo stretchy="false" fence="true" form="prefix">(</m:mo>
               <m:mrow>
                 <m:mrow>
                   <m:mi>k</m:mi>
                   <m:mo/>
                   <m:mi>R</m:mi>
                 </m:mrow>
                 <m:mo form="infix">−</m:mo>
                 <m:mi>α</m:mi>
                 <m:mo form="infix">−</m:mo>
                 <m:mrow>
                   <m:mi>ω</m:mi>
                   <m:mo/>
                   <m:mi>t</m:mi>
                 </m:mrow>
               </m:mrow>
               <m:mo stretchy="false" fence="true" form="postfix">)</m:mo>
             </m:mrow>
           </m:mrow>
         </m:msup>
       </m:mrow>
     </m:mrow>
   </m:math>
   This is very similar to the case of single slit diffraction except that you
   now get a factor
   <m:math display="inline">
     <m:mrow>
       <m:mn>2</m:mn>
       <m:mo/>
       <m:mrow>
         <m:mi mathcolor="gray">cos</m:mi>
         <m:mo/>
         <m:mi>α</m:mi>
       </m:mrow>
     </m:mrow>
   </m:math>
   included and a phase shift in the harmonic function.
</para>
<para id="id21095187">
   So we can see immediately the intensity
   is<m:math mode="display" display="block">
     <m:mrow>
       <m:mi>I</m:mi>
       <m:mo form="infix">=</m:mo>
       <m:mrow>
         <m:mn>4</m:mn>
         <m:mo/>
         <m:msub>
           <m:mi>I</m:mi>
           <m:mn>0</m:mn>
         </m:msub>
         <m:mo/>
         <m:mrow>
           <m:msup>
             <m:mi mathcolor="gray">cos</m:mi>
             <m:mn>2</m:mn>
           </m:msup>
           <m:mo/>
           <m:mrow>
             <m:mi>α</m:mi>
             <m:mo/>
             <m:mi>s</m:mi>
             <m:mo/>
             <m:mi>i</m:mi>
             <m:mo/>
             <m:mi>n</m:mi>
             <m:mo/>
             <m:msup>
               <m:mi>c</m:mi>
               <m:mn>2</m:mn>
             </m:msup>
             <m:mo/>
             <m:mi>β</m:mi>
           </m:mrow>
         </m:mrow>
       </m:mrow>
     </m:mrow>
   </m:math>recall<m:math mode="display" display="block">
     <m:mrow>
       <m:mi>α</m:mi>
       <m:mo form="infix">=</m:mo>
       <m:mrow>
         <m:mrow>
           <m:mo stretchy="false" fence="true" form="prefix">(</m:mo>
           <m:mrow>
             <m:mi>k</m:mi>
             <m:mo/>
             <m:mi>d</m:mi>
             <m:mo/>
             <m:mrow>
               <m:mi mathcolor="gray">sin</m:mi>
               <m:mo/>
               <m:mi>θ</m:mi>
             </m:mrow>
           </m:mrow>
           <m:mo stretchy="false" fence="true" form="postfix">)</m:mo>
         </m:mrow>
         <m:mo form="infix">/</m:mo>
         <m:mn>2</m:mn>
       </m:mrow>
     </m:mrow>
   </m:math>and
   <m:math mode="display" display="block">
     <m:mrow>
       <m:mi>β</m:mi>
       <m:mo form="infix">=</m:mo>
       <m:mrow>
         <m:mrow>
           <m:mo stretchy="false" fence="true" form="prefix">(</m:mo>
           <m:mrow>
             <m:mi>k</m:mi>
             <m:mo/>
             <m:mi>a</m:mi>
             <m:mo/>
             <m:mrow>
               <m:mi mathcolor="gray">sin</m:mi>
               <m:mo/>
               <m:mi>θ</m:mi>
             </m:mrow>
           </m:mrow>
           <m:mo stretchy="false" fence="true" form="postfix">)</m:mo>
         </m:mrow>
         <m:mo form="infix">/</m:mo>
         <m:mn>2</m:mn>
       </m:mrow>
     </m:mrow>
   </m:math>If
   <m:math display="inline">
     <m:mrow>
       <m:mi>d</m:mi>
     </m:mrow>
   </m:math>
   goes to 0 then expression just becomes the expression for single slit
   diffraction. If a goes to 0 then the expression just becomes that for Youngs
   double slit. The double slit diffraction is just the product of these two
   results. (Hey cool!)
</para>
</section>
</content>
</document>
