Summary: Rural schools are schools located in rural areas with a population of less than 2,500 as defined by the Department of Education, Bureau of the Census (National Education Association [NEA], 2004) and face unique challenges for developing programs to serve the linguistic and cultural needs of English Language Learners (ELLs): (1) limited experience with ELLs; (2) a shortage of certified English as a Second Language (ESL) and/or bilingual teachers; (3) a shortage of translators with the proficiency to speak, read, or write in the students’ home language; and (4) limited curriculum materials in the students’ first language.