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Dirac Delta Function

Module by: Paul Padley

Summary: The Dirac delta function is introduced.

The above allows us to relate the Fourier transform of an Aperture and the resulting E field from diffraction through that aperture. To extend this to an array of apertures, requires that one introduce a new concept, the Dirac delta function.

The fundamental definition of the Dirac delta function is

δ ( x ) = 0    i f x 0 f ( 0 ) = f ( x ) δ ( x ) x δ ( x ) = 0    i f x 0 f ( 0 ) = f ( x ) δ ( x ) x

As a special case if f ( x ) = 1 f ( x ) = 1

δ ( x ) x = 1 δ ( x ) x = 1

This function has some important properties:

f ( x ) = f ( x ) δ ( x x ) x f ( x ) = f ( x ) δ ( x x ) x which follows direction from the definition ie. define a new coordinate a = x x a = x x , then x = a + x x = a + x and d a = x . d a = x . Then

f ( x ) δ ( x x ) x = f ( a + x ) δ ( a ) a = f ( x ) f ( x ) δ ( x x ) x = f ( a + x ) δ ( a ) a = f ( x )

We also note that δ ( x ) = δ ( x ) . δ ( x ) = δ ( x ) .

It gets even more interesting. Recall f ( x ) = 1 2 π f ( x ) e i k ( x x ) x k f ( x ) = 1 2 π f ( x ) e i k ( x x ) x k which we rearrange suggestively f ( x ) = 1 2 π f ( x ) e i k ( x x ) x k = [ 1 2 π e i k ( x x ) k ] f ( x ) x f ( x ) = 1 2 π f ( x ) e i k ( x x ) x k = [ 1 2 π e i k ( x x ) k ] f ( x ) x we also have f ( x ) = f ( x ) δ ( x x ) x f ( x ) = f ( x ) δ ( x x ) x so we must have δ ( x x ) = 1 2 π e i k ( x x ) k δ ( x x ) = 1 2 π e i k ( x x ) k or δ ( x ) = δ ( x ) = 1 2 π e i k x k δ ( x ) = δ ( x ) = 1 2 π e i k x k

That is the Dirac delta function is the inverse Fourier transform of 1. This is a very useful property that allows us to do problems like Young's double slit. Consider the aperture function: A = E 0 ( δ ( y a / 2 ) + δ ( y + a / 2 ) ) A = E 0 ( δ ( y a / 2 ) + δ ( y + a / 2 ) ) where we have represented the slits by Dirac delta functions. Then we obtain E = E 0 δ ( y a / 2 ) e i y k y + E 0 δ ( y + a / 2 ) e i y k y = E 0 ( e i a k y / 2 + e i a k y / 2 ) = E 0 2 cos ( k y a / 2 ) = E 0 2 cos ( k a sin θ 2 ) E = E 0 δ ( y a / 2 ) e i y k y + E 0 δ ( y + a / 2 ) e i y k y = E 0 ( e i a k y / 2 + e i a k y / 2 ) = E 0 2 cos ( k y a / 2 ) = E 0 2 cos ( k a sin θ 2 ) which is exactly what we obtained before. Well that was a lot easier than what we did earlier in the course!

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