Places in Egypt: Lower Egypt

Al Jīzah Alternative Names: Gizeh (Egypt); Gizah (Egypt); Gîza (Egypt); Ghizeh (Egypt); El Gizeh (Egypt); El-Gîza (Egypt) Latitude/Longitude: 30° 00' 31" N/ 031° 12' 44" E [note: these coordinates are for the city of Gizeh, not the Pyramids of Giza]

Located on a leveled limestone plateau just south of Cairo on the west bank of the Nile, Giza is the site of the most recognizable archaeological monuments in the world, the Great Sphinx and the Great Pyramid. The complex also features several lesser pyramids, as well as cemeteries. The structures once overlooked the ancient city of Memphis, located in what is now central Cairo. Some of the tombs date to the First Dynasty (3300-2788 BCE), but the majority of construction took place in the 4th Dynasty (2693-2563 BCE). Related Resources Browse TIMEA historical resources related to this place The Giza Archives Project

Alexandria Latitude/Longitude: 30° 00' 31" N/ 031° 12' 44" E

The area that is now the port city of Alexandria has been inhabited for millennia, perhaps as early as the 13th century BCE. However, the small fishing village did not become a city of note until Alexander the Great asked the Greek architect Dinocrates to build a city there. After marking the outlines of the city, he left it, never to return, except, according to legend, to be buried there. During the Ptolemaic era, the city became quite possibly the largest city in the world, and was certainly the intellectual capital of the world. It developed an atmosphere distinctly different from that of Cairo, reflecting Mediterranean influences more than Egyptian. When the Ottomans came to rule the region, they rebuilt the city, burying many ancient sites and leaving little of archaeological interest. Related Resources Browse TIMEA historical resources related to this place

Banhā Alternative Names: Benna; Benha; Bandar Banhā; Athribis Latitude/Longitude: 30° 27' 39" N/ 031° 11' 15" E Located on the Damietta (east) arm of the Nile, north of Cairo, this city is known for its production of honey and attar of roses. Archaeologically, the only aspect of interest is the nearby scant remains of the ancient city of Athribis, which contain part of a temple dedicated to a goddess, and a cache of silver jewelry found by fellaheen. Nearby is the White Monastery, once a huge complex harboring 4000 thousand monks and nuns, but now reduced to a single church. Related Resources Browse TIMEA historical resources related to this place

Cairo Alternative Names: Al Qāhirah; Misr; Masr; Le Caire; Kairo; El-Qâhira; El Kahirah; El Kahira Latitude/Longitude: 30° 03' 00" N 031° 15' 00" E

Cairo is the seventh largest metropolitan area in the world today. Though its name means “the conqueror”, it is most often referred to as Misr, the local name for the entire country of Egypt. The original town of Cairo was too far from the Nile to support a large city, and the ancient capital of Egypt was located in Memphis, which is just south of the modern city. Modern Cairo dates to the establishment of a Roman fort in 150 and called Babylon-in-Egypt. It became a fair-sized town inhabited by Coptic Christians, but in 642 was captured by the Arabs. The first mosque in Africa was built here, and with the establishment of Al-Azhar mosque and its university, Cairo became a great center of learning. The decline of Baghdad led to the further importance of Cairo, and it was probably the largest city in the world during the fourteenth century. Beginning in the sixteenth century it was governed by the Ottomans, with a brief period of French control. In the nineteenth century it saw a great deal of westernization, due to the influence of Great Britain and the building of the Suez Canal. After independence from Britain in the early twentieth century, it continued to grow, both in area and population. Today it is a huge modern city, known to most of the world as the starting point for travel to the great sites of ancient Egypt. Related Resources Browse TIMEA historical resources related to this place

Giza (Gizeh; Gizah; Gîza); Ghizeh See Al Jīzah

Heliopolis Latitude/Longitude: 30° 09' 00" N/ 031° 19' 00" E

The ancient Heliopolis was inhabited as early as the Predynastic Period and there were many structures built during the Old and Middle Kingdoms. However, today there are few remnants of the complex, as building materials from the temples and other structures were used in the building of Ottoman Cairo. The complex served as the capital of Egypt for a time, and was the location of the grain reserve; in fact, one story from The Book of the Dead recounts Horus feeding the multitudes with 7 loaves of bread. In the Greco-Roman period the city was a center of learning but was later eclipsed by Alexandria. Several monuments were removed from the city, including the famed Cleopatra’s Needle. Today most of the area is under cultivation, but there are some remaining walls. This ancient city should not be confused with the upscale modern suburb of Cairo by the same name. Related Resources Browse TIMEA historical resources related to this place

Imbābah Alternative Names: Inbada; Imbadah; Imbâba; Ebaba Latitude/Longitude: 30° 04' 00" N/ 031° 13' 00" E A city in the Al Jīzah governate, and part of the greater Cairo metropolitan area. Related Resources Browse TIMEA historical resources related to this place

Ismailia Alternative Names: Al Ismā‘īlīyah; Ismailiyah; Ismailîya; Ismailieh; Al Ismā‘īlīya Latitude/Longitude: 30° 35' 00" N/ 032° 16' 00" E

This site is unique in that it was built by the in the 19th century by the French engineer Lesseps as a base for the construction of the Suez Canal. Located on the Canal, halfway between Port Said and Suez, the city had many gardens and shady lanes that were severely damaged by the wars of 1956 and 1967. The Ismailia Museum contains many Greco-Roman artifacts, as well as items related to the building of the Suez Canal. Related Resources Browse TIMEA historical resources related to this place

Pithom Latitude/Longitude: 30° 33' 00" N/ 032° 04' 00" E

The location of Pithom was the subject of much discussion among Bible scholars, as it is mentioned in the Bible as one of the cities built by the Israelites for the Egyptian Pharaoh. Its location was determined in 1883 by Édouard Naville. Located southwest of Ismailia in Lower Egypt, the main discoveries here were a number of large honey-combed chambers, which most likely served as granaries for the Egyptian army. Related Resources Browse TIMEA historical resources related to this place

Port Said Alternative Names: Būr Sa'īd; Madînet Port Said; Madînat Būr Sa'īd; Bor Sa'īd Latitude/Longitude: 31° 16' 00" N/ 032° 18' 00" E

This city lacks any connection to Egypt’s ancient past; it is the expansion of what was originally a camp for men working on the Suez Canal. However, by the late 19th century it had become an important port city and was home to numerous consulates. In addition to the attractions of the port, where much of the world’s sea traffic waits to enter the Suez Canal, it is also home to a great deal of 19th century colonial architecture and several museums. Heavily damaged in the wars of 1967 and 1973, it has been rebuilt and is today a very pleasant city of roughly 400,000. Related Resources Browse TIMEA historical resources related to this place

Rosetta Alternative Names: Rashīd; Rashîd; Rosette; Er-Rashid; Bolbitine Latitude/Longitude: 31° 24' 16" N/ 030° 24' 59" E This town is most closely associated with the finding of the Rosetta Stone, which was instrumental in deciphering ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics. However, its strategic location on the Rosetta arm of the Nile and the Mediterranean coast made it a very important site for military bases, even from predynastic eras, and it was of great interest to the Ottomans and other colonial powers. Although its fame is based on the Rosetta Stone, found in 1799 and now housed in the British Museum, today the town is a testament to the glories of Ottoman architecture. At least 22 houses of Ottoman design, along with several mosques and churches, were built with a unique brown brick and feature beautiful mashrabiyyas, the intricately carved window screens so characteristic of North African architecture. Related Resources Browse TIMEA historical resources related to this place

Suez Canal Alternative Names: Qanat as Suways; Qana el Suweis Latitude/Longitude: 29.9166667 / longitude 32.55

Linking the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, this feat of engineering opened in 1869. Although not the first canal (earlier ones, though not exactly in the same location as the modern one, include ones built by Darius I and Trajan), the modern canal stretches over a hundred miles, from Port Said on the Mediterranean to Suez and the Red Sea. Its opening was the cause of international celebration and was attended by royalty from all over the world; it was also marked by the opening of the “Old” Cairo Opera House, which has since been demolished. Related Resources Browse TIMEA historical resources related to this place