Example 1

Problem : Determine whether vectors 2i – j + 2k and 3i – 3j + 6k are parallel to each other?

Solution : If the two vectors are parallel, then ratios of corresponding components of vectors in three coordinate directions are equal. Here,

a x b x = 2 3 a y b y = 1 3 a z b z = 1 3 a x b x = 2 3 a y b y = 1 3 a z b z = 1 3

The ratios are, therefore, not equal. Hence, given vectors are not parallel to each other.

Example 2

Problem : Find unit vector in the direction perpendicular to vectors i + j – 2k and 2i –j + 3k.

Solution : We know that cross product of two vectors is perpendicular to each of vectors. Thus, unit vector in the direction of cross product is perpendicular to the given vectors. Now, unit vector of cross product is given by :

Figure 1: Unit vector in the direction of vector product.

Vector product

n = a ✗ b | a ✗ b | n = a ✗ b | a ✗ b |

Here,

a ✗ b = | i j k 1 1 - 2 2 - 1 3 | a ✗ b = | i j k 1 1 - 2 2 - 1 3 |

⇒ a ✗ b = { 1 x 3 - ( - 2 x - 1 ) } i + { ( 2 x - 2 ) - 1 x 3 } j + { ( 1 x - 1 ) - 1 x 2 } k ⇒ a ✗ b = i - 7 j - 3 k ⇒ a ✗ b = { 1 x 3 - ( - 2 x - 1 ) } i + { ( 2 x - 2 ) - 1 x 3 } j + { ( 1 x - 1 ) - 1 x 2 } k ⇒ a ✗ b = i - 7 j - 3 k

⇒ | a ✗ b | = √ { 1 2 + ( - 7 ) 2 + ( - 3 ) 2 } ⇒ | a ✗ b | = √ { 1 2 + ( - 7 ) 2 + ( - 3 ) 2 }

⇒ n = 1 √ ( 59 ) x ( i - 7 j - 3 k ) ⇒ n = 1 √ ( 59 ) x ( i - 7 j - 3 k )

Example 3

Problem : Verify vector equality B = C, if AxB = AxC.

Solution : Let θ 1 θ 1 and θ 2 θ 2 be the angles for first and second pairs of cross products. Then,

A ✗ B = A ✗ C ⇒ AB sin θ 1 n 1 = AC sin θ 2 n 2 ⇒ B sin θ 1 n 1 = C sin θ 2 n 2 A ✗ B = A ✗ C ⇒ AB sin θ 1 n 1 = AC sin θ 2 n 2 ⇒ B sin θ 1 n 1 = C sin θ 2 n 2

It is clear that B=C is true only when sin θ 1 n 1 = sin θ 2 n 2 sin θ 1 n 1 = sin θ 2 n 2 . It is always possible that the angles involved or the directions of cross products are different. Thus, we can conclude that B need not be equal to C.

Example 4

Problem : If a.b = |axb| for unit vectors a and b, then find the angle between unit vectors.

Solution : According to question,

a . b = | a ✗ b | ⇒ ab cos θ = ab sin θ ⇒ tan θ = 1 x 1 x tan 45 ° ⇒ θ = 45 ° a . b = | a ✗ b | ⇒ ab cos θ = ab sin θ ⇒ tan θ = 1 x 1 x tan 45 ° ⇒ θ = 45 °

Example 5

Problem : Prove that :

| a . b | 2 - | a ✗ b | 2 = a 2 x b 2 x cos 2θ | a . b | 2 - | a ✗ b | 2 = a 2 x b 2 x cos 2θ

Solution : Expanding LHS, we have :

| a . b | 2 - | a ✗ b | 2 = ( ab cos θ ) 2 - ( ab sin θ ) 2 = a 2 b 2 ( cos 2 θ - sin 2 θ ) ⇒ | a . b | 2 - | a ✗ b | 2 = = a 2 b 2 cos 2 θ | a . b | 2 - | a ✗ b | 2 = ( ab cos θ ) 2 - ( ab sin θ ) 2 = a 2 b 2 ( cos 2 θ - sin 2 θ ) ⇒ | a . b | 2 - | a ✗ b | 2 = = a 2 b 2 cos 2 θ

Example 6

Problem : The diagonals of a parallelogram are represented by vectors 3i+j+k and i-j-k. Find the area of parallelogram.

Solution : The area of parallelogram whose sides are formed by vectors a and b, is given by :

Area = | a ✗ b | Area = | a ✗ b |

However, we are given in question vectors representing diagonals – not the sides. But, we know that the diagonals are sum and difference of vectors representing sides of a parallelogram. It means that :

Figure 2: The vectors along diagonals are sum and difference of two vectors representing the sides.

Diagonals of a parallelogram

a + b = 3 i + j + k a + b = 3 i + j + k

and

a - b = i - j - k a - b = i - j - k

Now the vector product of vectors representing diagonals is :

( a + b ) ✗ ( a - b ) = a ✗ a - a ✗ b + b ✗ a + b ✗ ( - b ) = - a ✗ b + b ✗ a ( a + b ) ✗ ( a - b ) = a ✗ a - a ✗ b + b ✗ a + b ✗ ( - b ) = - a ✗ b + b ✗ a

Using anti-commutative property of vector product,

( a + b ) ✗ ( a - b ) = - 2 a ✗ b ( a + b ) ✗ ( a - b ) = - 2 a ✗ b

Thus,

a ✗ b = - 1 2 x ( a + b ) ✗ ( a - b ) a ✗ b = - 1 2 x ( a + b ) ✗ ( a - b )

a ✗ b = - 1 2 | i j k 3 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 | a ✗ b = - 1 2 | i j k 3 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 |

a ✗ b = - 1 2 x { ( 1 x - 1 - 1 x - 1 ) i + ( 1 x 1 - 3 x - 1 ) j + ( 3 x - 1 - 1 x 1 ) k } a ✗ b = - 1 2 x ( 4 j - 4 k ) a ✗ b = - 2 j + 2 k a ✗ b = - 1 2 x { ( 1 x - 1 - 1 x - 1 ) i + ( 1 x 1 - 3 x - 1 ) j + ( 3 x - 1 - 1 x 1 ) k } a ✗ b = - 1 2 x ( 4 j - 4 k ) a ✗ b = - 2 j + 2 k

The volume of the parallelogram is :

| a ✗ b | = √ { ( - 2 ) 2 + 2 2 } = 2 √ 2 units | a ✗ b | = √ { ( - 2 ) 2 + 2 2 } = 2 √ 2 units