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Апсолутна вредност

Module by: Liljana Stefanovska. E-mail the author

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Summary: Се дефинира апсолутна вредност и нејзини својства.

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АПСОЛУТНА ВРЕДНОСТ

Дефиниција.

Апсолутна вредност или модул на бројот aRaR size 12{a in R} {} се означу­ва со aa size 12{ \lline a \lline } {} и тоа е позитивниот број определен со изразот

a = { a , a > 0 0, a = 0 a , a < 0 . a = { a , a > 0 0, a = 0 a , a < 0 . size 12{ \lline a \lline = left lbrace matrix { a,~a>0 {} ## 0,~a=0 {} ## - a,~a<0 "." } right none } {}

Од дефиницијата за апсолутна вредност следи дека секогаш a0.a0. size 12{ \lline a \lline >= 0 "." } {}

Пример.

25 = 25 ; 0 = 0 ; 6 = ( 6 ) = 6 . 25 = 25 ; 0 = 0 ; 6 = ( 6 ) = 6 . size 12{ \lline "25" \lline ="25";~ \lline 0 \lline =0;~ \lline - 6 \lline = - \( - 6 \) =6 "." } {}

За апсолутна вредност важат следните релации:

ab=abab=ab size 12{ \lline a cdot b \lline = \lline a \lline cdot \lline b \lline } {},

a b = a b , ( b 0 ) , a b = a b , ( b 0 ) , size 12{ lline ` { {a} over {b} } ` rline = { { \lline a \lline } over { \lline b \lline } } ,~ \( b <> 0 \) ,} {}

a + b a + b . a + b a + b . size 12{ \lline a+b \lline <= \lline a \lline + \lline b \lline "." } {}

Релацијата

x a x a size 12{ \lline x \lline <= a} {}

означува дека

a x a . a x a . size 12{ - a <= x <= a "." } {}

Согласно на претходната релација, релацијата

x p a x p a size 12{ \lline x - p \lline <= a} {}

ќе означува дека

a x p a , a x p a , size 12{ - a <= x - p <= a,} {}

односно

p a x p + a . p a x p + a . size 12{p - a <= x <= p+a "." } {}

Задача.

Да се најдат решенијата на неравенката x311x.x311x. size 12{ \lline x rSup { size 8{3} } - 1 \lline >= 1 - x "." } {}

Решение.

Како

x31=(x1)(x2+x+1)x31=(x1)(x2+x+1) size 12{x rSup { size 8{3} } - 1= \( x - 1 \) \( x rSup { size 8{2} } +x+1 \) } {} и x2+x+1>0,xR,x2+x+1>0,xR, size 12{x rSup { size 8{2} } +x+1>0,`` forall x in R,} {}

x 3 1 = x 1 ( x 2 + x + 1 ) . x 3 1 = x 1 ( x 2 + x + 1 ) . size 12{ \lline x rSup { size 8{3} } - 1 \lline = \lline x - 1 \lline \( x rSup { size 8{2} } +x+1 \) "." } {}

Од дефиницијата за апсолутна вредност следи дека

x 1 = { x 1, x > 1 0, x = 1 x + 1, x < 1 x 1 = { x 1, x > 1 0, x = 1 x + 1, x < 1 size 12{ \lline x - 1 \lline = left lbrace matrix { x - 1,``x>1 {} ## 0,``x=1 {} ## - x+1,``x<1 } right none } {}

па затоа неравенката ќе се разгледува во интервалите I1=(,1)I1=(,1) size 12{I rSub { size 8{1} } = \( - infinity ,1 \) } {} и I2=[1,+)I2=[1,+) size 12{I rSub { size 8{2} } = \[ 1,+ infinity \) } {}.

  • Нека xI1=(,1)xI1=(,1) size 12{x in I rSub { size 8{1} } = \( - infinity ,1 \) } {}.

Во овој интервал x1=x+1=1x>0x1=x+1=1x>0 size 12{ \lline x - 1 \lline = - x+1=1 - x>0} {} и неравнката ќе го има обликот

( x + 1 ) ( x 2 + x + 1 ) 1 x ( x + 1 ) ( x 2 + x + 1 ) 1 x size 12{ \( - x+1 \) \( x rSup { size 8{2} } +x+1 \) >= 1 - x} {}

и по кратење со 1x01x0 size 12{1 - x <> 0} {} се добива неравенството

x2x0x2x0 size 12{x rSup { size 8{2} } - x >= 0} {} кое е точно за x{(,1][0,+)}I1=(,1][0,1).x{(,1][0,+)}I1=(,1][0,1). size 12{x in lbrace \( - infinity , - 1 \] union \[ 0,+ infinity \) rbrace intersection I rSub { size 8{1} } = \( - infinity , - 1 \] union \[ 0,1 \) "." } {}

  • Нека xI2=[1,+).xI2=[1,+). size 12{x in I rSub { size 8{2} } = \[ 1,+ infinity \) "." } {}

Во овој интервал x1=x1x1=x1 size 12{ \lline x - 1 \lline =x - 1} {} и неравнката ќе го има обликот

( x 1 ) ( x 2 + x + 1 ) 1 x ( x 1 ) ( x 2 + x + 1 ) 1 x size 12{ \( x - 1 \) \( x rSup { size 8{2} } +x+1 \) >= 1 - x} {}

и по аналогна постапка како во првиот интервал се добива неравенството

x 2 + x + 2 0 x 2 + x + 2 0 size 12{x rSup { size 8{2} } +x+2 >= 0} {}

кое е секогаш точно, па затоа решението во овој интервал ќе биде целиот интервал, односно x[1,+).x[1,+). size 12{x in \[ 1,+ infinity \) "." } {}

Следи дека решението на задачата ќе биде унија од решенијата, односно

x ( , 1 ] [ 0,1 ) [ 1, + ) = ( , 1 ] [ 0, + ) . x ( , 1 ] [ 0,1 ) [ 1, + ) = ( , 1 ] [ 0, + ) . size 12{x in \( - infinity , - 1 \] union \[ 0,1 \) union \[ 1,+ infinity \) = \( - infinity , - 1 \] union \[ 0,+ infinity \) "." } {}

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