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Sampling and Data: Summary

Module by: Barbara Illowsky, Ph.D., Susan Dean. E-mail the authors

Summary: This module provides an outline/review of key concepts related to statistical sampling and data. Note: This module is currently under revision, and its content is subject to change. This module is being prepared as part of a statistics textbook that will be available for the Fall 2008 semester.

Note: You are viewing an old version of this document. The latest version is available here.

Statistics

  • Deals with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data

Probability

  • Mathematical tool used to study randomness

Key Terms

  • Population
  • Parameter
  • Sample
  • Statistic
  • Variable
  • Data

Types of Data

Quantitative

  • a number
  • Discrete (You count it)
  • Continuous (You measure it)

Qualitative

  • A category (words)

Sampling with Replacement

  • A member of the population may be chosen more than once

Sampling without Replacement

  • A member of the population may be chosen only once

Random Sampling

  • Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

Sampling Methods

Random

  • Simple random sample
  • Stratified sample
  • Cluster sample
  • Systematic sample

Not Random

  • Convenience Sample

Note:

Samples must be representative of the population from which they come. They must have the same characteristics. However, they may vary but still represent the same population

Frequency, Relative Frequency, and Cumulative Relative Frequency

Frequency (freq. or F)

  • The number of times an answer occurs

Relative Frequency (rel. freq. or RF)

  • The proportion of times an answer occurs
  • Can be interpreted as a fraction, decimal, or percent

Cumulative Relative Frequencies (cum. rel. freq. or cum RF)

  • An accumulation of the previous relative frequencies

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