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EE 5821 Module 1: Background

Module by: david thonglyvong

Summary: EE5821 Module 1: Background

David Thonglyvong

#2835134

EE 5821: Biomedical Modeling and Analysis

Spring 2008

Module 1: Background

Modeling to Exhibit Microwave Imaging Methods to Improve Early Signs of Breast Cancer Detection

Abstract— Proposed is a model that answers the question of how an active microwave imaging method can be used as an imaging modality to detect early signs of cancerous tumors in the breasts. The physical basis for microwave imaging lies in the significant contrast in the dielectric properties between the normal breast tissue and the malignant tissue at microwave frequencies [1]-[5]. The main active microwave imaging method used will be Confocal Microwave Imaging (CMI). CMI has been described in several researches to suggest improvements on early signs of breast cancer detection on subjects by examining the dielectric responses and properties of breast tissues and the construction of images from the information gathered. Presentation of this model will hopefully further exhibit how microwave breast cancer detection can become a prosperous clinical complement to the traditional methods of mammography.

Figure 1
Figure 1 (graphics1.wmf)

BACKGROUND

Microwave breast cancer detection has emerged as an attractive and promising technique that may be able to rise above the deficiencies of X-ray mammography. Microwave imaging has the ability to offer many desirable characteristics as outlined in a report published by [6]. The report lists what an ideal breast screening tool would offer such as: having low health risk; sensitive to tumors and specific to malignancies; detects breast cancer detection at a curable stage; is noninvasive and simple to perform; is cost effective and widely available; involves minimal discomfort, so the procedure is acceptable to women; and provides easy to interpret, objective, and consistent results.

There exist two main approaches in active microwave imaging methods to detect cancerous tumors at early stages. The first method consists of microwave tomographic imaging which aims to recover the measured scattered signals to quantitatively compute the spatial distributions of the dielectric constant and conductivity. The second method consists of Confocal Microwave Imaging (CMI) which is based on collecting backscattered data from antennas placed in different positions and by using utlrawide-band (UWB) pulses to excite the transmitting antennas.

Figure 2
Figure 2 (.png)

Figure 1. Simple visual summary of how active microwave imaging works.

The current method chosen to be used in this modeling system is CMI. CMI was first introduced by Hagness et. Al. [7], [8]. Since then there have been numerous studies and simulations of cylindrical CMI systems leading to similar performance.

REFERENCES

[1]W. T. Joines, Y. Zhang, C. LLi, and R. L. Jirtel, “The measured electrical properties of normal andmalignant human tissues from 50 to 900 mhz,” Med. Phys., vol. 21, pp. 547-550, Apr. 1994.

[2] A. J. Surowiec, S. S. Stuchly, J. R. Barr, and A. Swarup, “Dielectric properties of breast carcinoma and the surrounding tissues,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 257-263, Apr. 1988.

[3] A. Swarup, S. S. Stuchly, and A. J. Surowiec, “Eielectric properties of mouse MCA1 fibrosarcoma at different stages of development,” Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1-8, 1991.

[4]S. S. Chaudhary, R. K. Mishra, A. Swarup, and J. M. Thomas, “Dielectric properties of normal and malignant human breast tissues at radiowave and microwave frequencies,” Indian J.f Biochem. Biophys., vol. 21, pp. 76-79, Feb. 1984.

[5]C. Gabriel, R. W. Lau, and S. Gabriel, “The dielectric properties of biological tissues: II. Measured in the frequency range 10 Hz to 20 GHz,” Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 41, pp. 2251-2269, Nov. 1996.

[6] E. C. Fear, S. C. Hagness, P. M. Meaney, M. Okoniewski, and M. A. Stuchly, “Enhancing breast tumor detection with near-field imaging,” IEEE Microwave Magazine, vol. 3, no.1, pp.48-56, Mar. 2002.

[7]S. C. Hagness, A. Taflove, and J. E. Bridges, “Two-dimensional FDTD analysis of a pulsed microwave confocal system for breast cancer detection: Fixed focus and antenna-array sensors,” IEEE. Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 45, pp. 1470-1479, Dec. 1998.

[8]----, “Three-dimensional FDTD analysis of a pulsed microwave confocal system for breast cancer detection: Design of an antenna array element,” IEEE. Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 47, pp. 783-791, May 1999.

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