Atomic hydrogen has the electron configuration of 1s
11 size 12{ {} rSup { size 8{1} } } {} and as such represents the simplest atomic configuration. However, as a consequence there is dispute as to its proper position within the Periodic Table. Its electron configuration is similar to the valence electron configuration of the alkali metals (ns
11 size 12{ {} rSup { size 8{1} } } {}) suggesting it be listed at the top of Group 1 (1A). However, its reaction chemistry is dissimilar to the alkali metals. Hydrogen is also one electron short of a Nobel gas configuration, and therefore it is possible to think of its relationship to the halogens.
Atomic hydrogen (H
size 12{ cdot } {}) is highly reactive and consequently has a short lifetime due to its reaction chemistry. Consequently, in order to generate and observe the reactivity they must be generate at low pressures. Thermolysis of hydrogen compound (commonly halide) or photolysis at an energy above the bond dissociation energy results in the homoleptic cleavage of the H-X bond to generate the appropriate radical species.
Alternatively, atomic hydrogen can be generated from elemental hydrogen.
The reverse reaction (recombination of two hydrogen atoms) is highly exothermic (-434 kJ.mol
−1−1 size 12{ {} rSup { size 8{ - 1} } } {}) and forms the basis of the heat generated in arc welding.
Atomic hydrogen may be generated in aqueous solution through the solvation of electrons.
The formation equilibrium constant (Keq) is very small resulting in very low concentrations being generated (10
−5−5 size 12{ {} rSup { size 8{ - 5} } } {} M). As expected solvated atomic hydrogen is a strong reducing agent.
Ag
++ size 12{ {} rSup { size 8{+{}} } } {} + H
size 12{ cdot } {} → Ag + H
++ size 12{ {} rSup { size 8{+{}} } } {}
2I
−− size 12{ {} rSup { size 8{ {} rSup { size 6{ - {}} } } } } {} + 2H
size 12{ cdot } {} → 2H
−− size 12{ {} rSup { size 8{ {} rSup { size 6{ - {}} } } } } {} + I
22 size 12{ {} rSub { size 8{2} } } {}
Hydrogen atoms may be trapped in the solid state lattice upon generation by photolysis of HX. Observation by electron spin resonance (esr) of a signal split by s = 1/2 nucleus (i.e.,
11 size 12{"" lSup { size 8{1} } } {}H) results in a doublet with a coupling of 1428 MHz.
