Skip to content Skip to navigation Skip to collection information

Connexions

You are here: Home » Content » Collaborative Statistics (MT230 - Spring 2013) » Null and Alternate Hypotheses

Navigation

Table of Contents

Lenses

What is a lens?

Definition of a lens

Lenses

A lens is a custom view of the content in the repository. You can think of it as a fancy kind of list that will let you see content through the eyes of organizations and people you trust.

What is in a lens?

Lens makers point to materials (modules and collections), creating a guide that includes their own comments and descriptive tags about the content.

Who can create a lens?

Any individual member, a community, or a respected organization.

What are tags? tag icon

Tags are descriptors added by lens makers to help label content, attaching a vocabulary that is meaningful in the context of the lens.

This content is ...

Endorsed by Endorsed (What does "Endorsed by" mean?)

This content has been endorsed by the organizations listed. Click each link for a list of all content endorsed by the organization.
  • College Open Textbooks display tagshide tags

    This module is included inLens: Community College Open Textbook Collaborative
    By: CC Open Textbook CollaborativeAs a part of collection: "Collaborative Statistics"

    Comments:

    "Reviewer's Comments: 'I recommend this book. Overall, the chapters are very readable and the material presented is consistent and appropriate for the course. A wide range of exercises introduces […]"

    Click the "College Open Textbooks" link to see all content they endorse.

    Click the tag icon tag icon to display tags associated with this content.

  • JVLA Endorsed

    This module is included inLens: Jesuit Virtual Learning Academy Endorsed Material
    By: Jesuit Virtual Learning AcademyAs a part of collection: "Collaborative Statistics"

    Comments:

    "This is a robust collection (textbook) approved by the College Board as a resource for the teaching of AP Statistics. "

    Click the "JVLA Endorsed" link to see all content they endorse.

  • WebAssign display tagshide tags

    This module is included inLens: WebAssign The Independent Online Homework and Assessment Solution
    By: WebAssignAs a part of collection: "Collaborative Statistics"

    Comments:

    "Online homework and assessment available from WebAssign."

    Click the "WebAssign" link to see all content they endorse.

    Click the tag icon tag icon to display tags associated with this content.

Affiliated with (What does "Affiliated with" mean?)

This content is either by members of the organizations listed or about topics related to the organizations listed. Click each link to see a list of all content affiliated with the organization.
  • OrangeGrove display tagshide tags

    This module is included inLens: Florida Orange Grove Textbooks
    By: Florida Orange GroveAs a part of collection: "Collaborative Statistics"

    Click the "OrangeGrove" link to see all content affiliated with them.

    Click the tag icon tag icon to display tags associated with this content.

  • Bookshare

    This module is included inLens: Bookshare's Lens
    By: Bookshare - A Benetech InitiativeAs a part of collection: "Collaborative Statistics"

    Comments:

    "DAISY and BRF versions of this collection are available."

    Click the "Bookshare" link to see all content affiliated with them.

  • Featured Content display tagshide tags

    This module is included inLens: Connexions Featured Content
    By: ConnexionsAs a part of collection: "Collaborative Statistics"

    Comments:

    "Collaborative Statistics was written by two faculty members at De Anza College in Cupertino, California. This book is intended for introductory statistics courses being taken by students at two- […]"

    Click the "Featured Content" link to see all content affiliated with them.

    Click the tag icon tag icon to display tags associated with this content.

Also in these lenses

  • statistics display tagshide tags

    This module is included inLens: Statistics
    By: Brylie OxleyAs a part of collection: "Collaborative Statistics"

    Click the "statistics" link to see all content selected in this lens.

    Click the tag icon tag icon to display tags associated with this content.

  • Lucy Van Pelt display tagshide tags

    This module is included inLens: Lucy's Lens
    By: Tahiya MaromeAs a part of collection: "Collaborative Statistics"

    Comments:

    "Part of the Books featured on Community College Open Textbook Project"

    Click the "Lucy Van Pelt" link to see all content selected in this lens.

    Click the tag icon tag icon to display tags associated with this content.

  • Educational Technology Lens display tagshide tags

    This module is included inLens: Educational Technology
    By: Steve WilhiteAs a part of collection: "Collaborative Statistics"

    Click the "Educational Technology Lens" link to see all content selected in this lens.

    Click the tag icon tag icon to display tags associated with this content.

  • statf12

    This module is included inLens: Statistics Fall 2012
    By: Alex KolesnikAs a part of collection: "Collaborative Statistics"

    Click the "statf12" link to see all content selected in this lens.

  • UTEP display tagshide tags

    This module is included inLens: Amy Wagler's Lens
    By: Amy WaglerAs a part of collection: "Collaborative Statistics"

    Click the "UTEP" link to see all content selected in this lens.

    Click the tag icon tag icon to display tags associated with this content.

  • Make Textbooks Affordable

    This module is included inLens: Make Textbooks Affordable
    By: Nicole AllenAs a part of collection: "Collaborative Statistics"

    Click the "Make Textbooks Affordable" link to see all content selected in this lens.

  • BUS204 Homework display tagshide tags

    This module is included inLens: Saylor BUS 204 Homework
    By: David BourgeoisAs a part of collection: "Collaborative Statistics"

    Comments:

    "Homework for Discrete Variables/Probability. "

    Click the "BUS204 Homework" link to see all content selected in this lens.

    Click the tag icon tag icon to display tags associated with this content.

  • crowe

    This module is included in aLens by: Chris RoweAs a part of collection: "Collaborative Statistics"

    Click the "crowe" link to see all content selected in this lens.

  • Bio 502 at CSUDH display tagshide tags

    This module is included inLens: Bio 502
    By: Terrence McGlynnAs a part of collection: "Collaborative Statistics"

    Comments:

    "This is the course textbook for Biology 502 at CSU Dominguez Hills"

    Click the "Bio 502 at CSUDH" link to see all content selected in this lens.

    Click the tag icon tag icon to display tags associated with this content.

Recently Viewed

This feature requires Javascript to be enabled.

Tags

(What is a tag?)

These tags come from the endorsement, affiliation, and other lenses that include this content.
 

Null and Alternate Hypotheses

Module by: Susan Dean, Barbara Illowsky, Ph.D.. E-mail the authors

The actual test begins by considering two hypotheses. They are called the null hypothesis and the alternate hypothesis. These hypotheses contain opposing viewpoints.

H o H o : The null hypothesis: It is a statement about the population that will be assumed to be true unless it can be shown to be incorrect beyond a reasonable doubt.

H a H a : The alternate hypothesis: It is a claim about the population that is contradictory to HoHo and what we conclude when we reject HoHo.

Example 1

HoHo: No more than 30% of the registered voters in Santa Clara County voted in the primary election.

H a H a : More than 30% of the registered voters in Santa Clara County voted in the primary election.

Example 2

We want to test whether the mean grade point average in American colleges is different from 2.0 (out of 4.0).

H o H o : μ = 2.0 μ=2.0 Ha Ha: μ ≠ 2.0 μ≠2.0

Example 3

We want to test if college students take less than five years to graduate from college, on the average.

HoHo: μ ≥ 5 μ≥5 H a H a : μ < 5 μ 5

Example 4

In an issue of U. S. News and World Report, an article on school standards stated that about half of all students in France, Germany, and Israel take advanced placement exams and a third pass. The same article stated that 6.6% of U. S. students take advanced placement exams and 4.4 % pass. Test if the percentage of U. S. students who take advanced placement exams is more than 6.6%.

HoHo: pp=0.066=0.066 H a H a : pp > 0.066 >0.066

Since the null and alternate hypotheses are contradictory, you must examine evidence to decide if you have enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis or not. The evidence is in the form of sample data.

After you have determined which hypothesis the sample supports, you make a decision. There are two options for a decision. They are "reject HoHo" if the sample information favors the alternate hypothesis or "do not reject HoHo" or "fail to reject HoHo" if the sample information is insufficient to reject the null hypothesis.

Mathematical Symbols Used in HoHo and HaHa:

Table 1
HoHo HaHa
equal (==) not equal (≠≠) or greater than (>>) or less than (<)
greater than or equal to (≥≥) less than (<)
less than or equal to (≤≤) more than (>>)

Note:

HoHo always has a symbol with an equal in it. HaHa never has a symbol with an equal in it. The choice of symbol depends on the wording of the hypothesis test. However, be aware that many researchers (including one of the co-authors in research work) use == in the Null Hypothesis, even with >> or << as the symbol in the Alternate Hypothesis. This practice is acceptable because we only make the decision to reject or not reject the Null Hypothesis.

Optional Collaborative Classroom Activity

Bring to class a newspaper, some news magazines, and some Internet articles . In groups, find articles from which your group can write a null and alternate hypotheses. Discuss your hypotheses with the rest of the class.

Glossary

Hypothesis:
A statement about the value of a population parameter. In case of two hypotheses, the statement assumed to be true is called the null hypothesis (notation H0H0 size 12{H rSub { size 8{0} } } {}) and the contradictory statement is called the alternate hypothesis (notation HaHa size 12{H rSub { size 8{a} } } {}).

Collection Navigation

Content actions

Download module as:

PDF | More downloads ...

Add:

Collection to:

My Favorites (?)

'My Favorites' is a special kind of lens which you can use to bookmark modules and collections. 'My Favorites' can only be seen by you, and collections saved in 'My Favorites' can remember the last module you were on. You need an account to use 'My Favorites'.

| A lens I own (?)

Definition of a lens

Lenses

A lens is a custom view of the content in the repository. You can think of it as a fancy kind of list that will let you see content through the eyes of organizations and people you trust.

What is in a lens?

Lens makers point to materials (modules and collections), creating a guide that includes their own comments and descriptive tags about the content.

Who can create a lens?

Any individual member, a community, or a respected organization.

What are tags? tag icon

Tags are descriptors added by lens makers to help label content, attaching a vocabulary that is meaningful in the context of the lens.

| External bookmarks

Module to:

My Favorites (?)

'My Favorites' is a special kind of lens which you can use to bookmark modules and collections. 'My Favorites' can only be seen by you, and collections saved in 'My Favorites' can remember the last module you were on. You need an account to use 'My Favorites'.

| A lens I own (?)

Definition of a lens

Lenses

A lens is a custom view of the content in the repository. You can think of it as a fancy kind of list that will let you see content through the eyes of organizations and people you trust.

What is in a lens?

Lens makers point to materials (modules and collections), creating a guide that includes their own comments and descriptive tags about the content.

Who can create a lens?

Any individual member, a community, or a respected organization.

What are tags? tag icon

Tags are descriptors added by lens makers to help label content, attaching a vocabulary that is meaningful in the context of the lens.

| External bookmarks