Gourds were the most widely cultivated plant in pre-Columbian times. The gourd vine originally grew in Africa, but gourds were so useful that people brought them along wherever they settled. In this way, thousands of years ago, gourds spread throughout the old world, and also throughout the Pacific islands and the Americas. They were much more widespread than any other early domesticated plant, leading some historians to suspect that the gourd was among the first plants purposely cultivated, rather than gathered, maybe even the very first.
Gourds were such a widespread "crop" so early, more widespread than any food crop, partly because they are easy to grow in most tropical and temperate climates, and partly because they can be so useful. Because they naturally grow into a kind of bowl or bottle shape, they are easily made into bowls or bottles to carry or store water, food, and other things.
If the students have been studying pre-industrial societies at all, you may turn this into a discussion point: ask the students what other materials would have been available to make bowls, cups, jars, and bottles (some possible answers: animal hide, wood, clay, cloth, basketry). Ask them how useful each material would be, for example, for carrying water, how sturdy the resulting container would be, and also how much work they think it would take to make a container out of that material. Or you may turn this into an imagination exercise; ask the students to imagine living in a hunter-gatherer tribe that doesn't have any bowls, cups, bottles, or containers. What would they do when they're hungry? Thirsty? What would they do with "leftovers"? What might happen when they need to move to find more food or water? How would these things change if they had bowls and other containers?
Since people in so many places used gourds for everyday containers, many groups also invented musical instruments made out of gourds. For example, many different cultures, particularly African and native American peoples, made maraca-like rattles which were basically dried gourds with pebbles, seeds, or other small objects rattling around inside them. Some African peoples also invented a sort of inside-out rattle, with beads in a net rattling against the outside of the gourd. The Nigerian shekere is the best-known of this type of rattle, but many similar instruments with different names are popular in other places in Africa.
Actually, the easiest way to use a gourd as a musical instrument is to simply play a dried empty gourd by tapping or slapping it, or even beating it against a hand or on the ground. In some musical traditions (particularly in Peru, Cuba, and Puerto Rico), a stick is used to scrape against ridges carved into the gourd. Because the gourd has a wood-like stiffness that vibrates well, as well as a hollow space inside, dried gourds have a natural resonance that creates a a variety of pleasant and interesting percussion
sounds when it is tapped, beaten, or scraped.
If you can, pass around a few sturdy dried gourds, letting the students see how wooden they feel, and letting them see what kinds of sounds they make when tapped with fingers, fingernails, drum sticks, pencils, or the palm of a hand.
This very simple type of "drum" (actually technically an
idiophone) has also been used as an instrument in many different cultures around the world. And some cultures make true drums (
membranophone) by cutting off the top of a gourd and stretching an animal skin tightly across the opening. Probably the most famous kind of gourd drum is the Hawaiian
ipu heke, an idiophone-type drum made from two gourds attached to each other to form a sort of hourglass shape.
That natural resonance is also very useful in other types of instruments. Many modern instruments include a wooden box as part of the body of the instrument. The wooden box may be decorated, or have a very fancy shape, but looking pretty is not its most important function. The vibrations of the wooden box and of the air inside the box make the instrument sound much louder. They also refine the sound, making it prettier or more interesting, and basically producing the characteristic sound of the instrument, which is not at all the same sound that, for example, an unamplified string would make. (See timbre, resonance, Sound and Music, Standing Waves and Musical Instruments, and Standing Waves and Wind Instruments for more on this.)
You may want to ask the students if they can name some of these wooden-box instruments, for example guitar, violin, and piano.
Since a gourd is very much like a ready-made wooden box, it has been used for the body of many different kinds of instruments. For example:
- Many banjos, lutes, and other stringed instruments around the world have been made using a gourd for their bodies.The kora, for example, is an instrument related to both the lute and the harp, with a body made from half of a large gourd. The kora is the main instrument of the griots, the professional storyteller-historian-musicians of West African Mandinka communities.
- Various types of lamellophones (sometimes called "thumb-pianos) are popular all over sub-Saharan Africa. The plucked metal keys which most lamellophones use to produce their sound are not very loud, and many types use gourd resonators either as the main body of the instrument, or as an extra resonator. The Zimbabwean mbira, for example, is traditionally placed inside a large gourd-half, in order to amplify its sound during performances.
- Many traditional cultures around the world also have an instrument in the musical bow family. (Picture a string stretched from one end of a curved stick to the other, much as the string in an arrow-launching bow, but used to make music instead.) In some places, the musical bow usually includes an attached gourd resonator. The most widely known instrument in this category is the berimbau, which is played in Brazil to accompany capoeira, a unique tradition incorporating elements of both dance and martial arts.
- The sitar, a well-known stringed instruments from India, uses a gourd as its body, plus an extra gourd resonator attached to the neck of the instrument.
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Some wind instruments are also partly made from gourds, so that at some point the air being blown through the instrument passes through the gourd. These include both brass-type (lip reed) "horns" and woodwind-type reed instruments. Perhaps the best-known instrument in this category is the tiktiri, the clarinet-like instrument from India that many Westerner's associate with snake-charmers.
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The basic instructions included here assume that your emphasis will be on learning and process, rather than on producing high-quality instruments. If you want the result to be high-quality instruments, please look for more detailed instructions elsewhere.
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Read these instructions and the instructions for the instruments you want to make. Gather the necessary tools and materials.
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Clean the outside of the dried gourds, using soap and scrubbing as necessary.
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You must also hollow out and clean the inside of the gourd. If the gourd has a rotten or soft spot, you can use that to get to the inside. If not, cut off the stem end of each gourd. See the instructions for each instrument to decide where to make the cut.
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Through the hole, scrape and scoop out any "innards" from the gourd. You can clean the inside using tools and bottle brushes of the right size and shape for your gourd, or make a cleaning tool from a wire coat hanger. A very clean gourd will give a crisper and more resonant sound. Allow the inside of the cleaned instruments to dry thoroughly. If the gourd seems too soft or thin to make a musical instrument, you may want to use a wood hardener to strengthen it.
This is one of the simplest gourd instruments to make, particularly if you choose a gourd variety with a long, thin "neck" that can be used as the handle.
Gourd rattles are traditional in many cultures, including many African and Native American types as well as the familiar Mexican maracas. Traditional decorations can include carving, painting, burning decorations onto the gourd using burning sticks, or tying things such as feathers or shells to the outside of the rattle.
- Small gourds with a long thin neck suitable to use as a handle, or small round or "bottle" gourds and thick sticks or dowels to use as handles.
- Beads, pebbles, dry beans, peas, or rice, or other suitable rattle filler.
- Art supplies for decoration. Paints and paintbrushes suitable for wood, feathers or beads and string to tie them on, carving or burning implements, varnish or other wood sealant, are all possibilities.
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If possible, remove only the stem end of the neck to clean the gourd.
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Fill the cleaned gourds with small objects to get the desired rattle sound. Different fills will give very different sounds. If possible, let the students experiment before deciding on what, and how much, to fill their rattles with.
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When the students like the sound of the fill, the opening should be permanently sealed. Choose the method based on the gourd, the abilities of the students to work with the materials, the amount of assistance the students can expect with difficult steps, and the desired result. Plug the hole with one of the following: the end of a dowel or stick that will be used as a handle (if the gourd doesn't have a "handle" already), the section of gourd that was removed for cleaning, a flat piece of gourd, wood, or cork, cut and shaped to fit, or a strong tape such as duct tape. For the prettiest result, glue the plug into place with a very strong glue (you can reinforce plain white glue with sawdust to give it more substance). Alternatively, you can tape the plug in place.
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If desired, let the students decorate the finished rattles in a traditional fashion.
Gourd resonators are particularly popular in African traditions. This can be a very easy project, if you already have an instrument that you can place inside the gourd resonator. If you don't, this is probably the most challenging project here, as you will have to also make the instrument to go inside the resonator. Some suggestions:
- A small lamellophone. Please see below for links to kalimba instructions.
- Other idiophones, for example, small xylophone-type instruments.
- Small stringed instruments. This can be either student-made, anything from a simple rubber-band zither (see Sound and Music Activities) to a small tunable stringed instrument (see below), or it could be a toy lap harp or small harp, psaltery, or zither.
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A recorder, harmonica, jaw harp, or student-made kazoo (see Percussion Fast and Cheap) held near or at the mouth of the resonator.
- A small instrument to place inside the resonator.
- Very large (calabash) gourds, large enough that the instrument can easily be placed in or on top of one half of the gourd.
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A hand saw that will cut large gourds. If necessary, experiment by making cuts in the side of the gourd that you will not be using for your resonator.
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Before cutting, decide whether you want the resonator to have a wide flaring mouth, or a mouth that curves in again slightly. The latter may give you more resonance, but may be more difficult to get instruments past. Cut the gourd in half so that its bottom (away from the stem) produces the desired bowl shape.
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Clean your gourd bowl inside and out, and allow to dry.
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If desired, decorate the gourd bowl on the outside (for example, with paint or carving) and/or coat with varnish or some other wood sealant that will leave a hard, dry finish.
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Experiment to find the relative positions of instrument and gourd resonator that gives the loudest or most pleasant sound.
A guiro is a scraped idiophone that is popular in several music traditions scattered throughout the Americas, including in Peru, Cuba, and Puerto Rico. The instrument has a series of parallel ridges and/or furrows set very close to each other. It is played by scraping a stick quickly across the series of ridges, producing a rapid clicking sound, similar to the effect that a "washboard" instrument gets.
Guiros are now made of many materials, including bamboo and carved wood, but the most traditional way to make one is to use a gourd.
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The traditional guiro gourd is a long oblong, with a very thick shell that can be carved without breaking or tearing it. Other gourd shapes can be used; look for surfaces that have, on some surface, a fairly long, fairly straight line which can be crossed with many ridges. Avoid using very curved surfaces for the working surface of the guiro, as these will be difficult to scrape smoothly and quickly.
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To make the notches, you will need a large, heavy-duty, metal file, a knife that is appropriate for cutting wood, or a small hand saw suitable for fine work. Before beginning on the notches for the guiro you, or the student, may want to test or practice using the tool, for example on the discarded gourd end.
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If cutting notches in the gourd is not an option for your students, you can make a series of ridges on the gourd instead. In this case, you will need a strong glue and either a lot of twine or a lot of bobby pins (or other hard objects similar in size and shape to bobby pins).
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Guiros are often decorated by painting the non-playing surfaces or by carving or burning decorations into them. Assemble any materials you will want for decorating the instrument.
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You can hollow out this gourd using a reasonably large hole at the stem end. Traditionally this hole is left open, so that the sound resonating inside the instrument can escape. Sometimes extra holes are also carved into the instrument for the player to slip a finger or thumb into, in order to have a firm hold on the instrument, so this can be a good instrument to make if your gourd already has an extra hole! When choosing where to make finger holes, decide which surface will have the ridges, and hold the gourd so that surface is facing away from the hand. Curve the thumb and index finger towards the gourd to see where a useful spot for a grip hole would be.
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Choose the playing surface for your guiro. The best surface will be relatively flat for several inches in one direction.
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Mark a series of parallel, straight lines onto the chosen surface of the gourd. Each line should be at least an inch long, and the spacing between the lines should be between one quarter and one half of an inch. (Relatively close together will work well for notches; further apart may be better if you are making ridges.)
- If you are carving notches in the gourd, carefully cut or persistently file the gourd at each marked line until it is deep enough to "catch" a stick drawn across it, but not so deep as to become a hole in the gourd.
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If you are building ridges instead of carving notches, use a strong glue to glue a bobby pin or other thin, hard object over each marked line. Or you can dredge a long piece of twine in glue, and wrap the gluey twine around the gourd, taking care that each pass around the gourd results in the twine covering one of the marked lines. Allow the glue to dry thoroughly before testing the instrument.
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Test the instrument by drawing a hard stick firmly and rapidly across all of the notches/ridges. Deepen the notches, re-glue ridges, or add more of either until you are pleased with the sound.
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If desired, decorate and/or varnish the instrument.
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If desired, you can make an instrument that is both a guiro and a rattle. This is not traditional, but some modern instruments are both. If you want to do this, do not cut finger holes in the gourd. Instead, fill it with pebbles, beads, or dry beans, and reattach the cut end, as described in the rattle instructions.
This is another popular African gourd instrument. It can be played by shaking it, hitting it against the hand, or throwing it from one hand to the other. There are many different possible patterns for weaving the bead net. For a high-quality and very beautiful shekere, see one of the many websites on the instrument.
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Professional shekeres are often made using large gourds; the resonance of the large gourd as it is slapped against the hand is part of the characteristic sound of the instrument. For an easy-to-make student instrument, choose smaller gourds with long thin necks that can be used as a handle, to shake the instrument like a rattle, or choose medium-sized bottle gourds that can be played in a more typical shekere fashion. The gourd should have a strongly rounded shape, or a strongly rounded section around which you can weave the net without worrying that the finished net will slip off the end.
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You will need sturdy medium-sized beads with reasonably large holes, and lots (and lots) of string or twine that fits easily through the bead holes.
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Shekere instructions often suggest using nylon string and burning and fusing rather than cutting and tying the ends. Depending on your preferences, you'll need a candle or scissors to take care of string ends.
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You will want to devise a way to hold the gourd and the growing net in place while you are weaving. Rubber bands, removable tape such as masking tape, and something that can act as a sturdy "stand" for the instrument will all be helpful.
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Make a hole at the stem end in order to clean the instrument inside and out. The hole will not be filled in, but will be left open.
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Braid a section of the string and tie or fuse the braided section into a fairly small loop.
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Cut lengths of twine that are about five times longer than the length of the gourd. (Better to cut off unneeded ends than to run out of string before you're done.)
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Draw each length through a braid in the loop. Make a knot at the braided loop at the middle of each length, so that it has two long ends flowing away from the loop. Space the lengths evenly around the loop. How many you use depends on how dense you want the bead net to be. If you want a particular look or beading pattern, plan it out carefully and determine how many string lengths you'll need for your pattern.
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Now you will use the string lengths to weave a net around the gourd. You can settle the net loop on your work surface, secure the gourd over it, and weave upwards around the gourd, or secure the gourd in place, tape the loop loosely to the top of the gourd, and weave downward over the round part of the gourd.
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Each string length now has a left and a right end. Put a bead on each end, near the loop, and tie the right end of each string to the left end next to it, so that the beads are caught between the loop and the knots. Once you have made the first row, you now have a new set of left and right ends coming from each knot; repeat the procedure to make a second row, and you will begin to see the net forming. Continue in this way, making as many rows as are needed to cover the rounded part of the gourd.
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Finish the net by making another braided loop big enough to circle this end of the gourd or its neck. Pull each end through this braided loop before tying or fusing.
A strong, long-lasting drum with a good sound is actually quite difficult to construct. A very thin but very tough material (such as rawhide) should be stretched very taut across the opening of a dried gourd section. Beating the drum often softens or loosens the drumhead, so constructing a drum that can be tightened is ideal. (Follow the links below for tips on making a high-quality gourd drum.) The simple drum suggested here will probably not survive many playing sessions.
- A relatively large, thick, heavy gourd.
- A sheet of rawhide, canvas, plastic, plastic wrap, plastic bag, rubber, wrapping paper, waxed paper, poster board, or any thin material that resists tearing and will vibrate when stretched tight.
- Very strong tape. If you have a material, such as hide, which strongly resists tearing, you will need strong twine and a tool to make holes in your material instead.
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File, rasp, or sand paper to smooth the cut edge of the gourd.
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Any materials you wish to use for decoration, and/or varnish or wood strengthener.
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Cut the gourd so that you have a piece consisting of approximately the bottom half to bottom three-quarters of the gourd. Smooth the edge so that it will not cut through the drum head.
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Clean and dry this piece. Decorate as desired. Add varnish, wood sealant, or wood strengthener as needed.
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Cut a portion of the material so that it will be large enough to easily and completely cover the cut side of the gourd, with two to three inches of material draped over the edge at every point.
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Start by taping one side of the edge of the material to the outside of the gourd. Pull the material as taut as possible while you continue to tape the edge firmly to the gourd with a very strong tape. Young children may need help with this step.
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If you are using rawhide or other material that will not tear, cut 6 or 8 holes, evenly spaced around the part of the material that drapes past the edge of the gourd. Draw lengths of twine or cord through opposite holes and around the outside of the gourd. Pull on all of the holes evenly to make the material as taut as possible before tying the twine at the underside of the drum.
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Unless the resulting drum is very sturdy, encourage the students to play on it with their hands, bongo-style, rather than with a drum stick.
