The Vedic Culture continued in Pakistan and northern India, but there was now a shift of emphasis from the region of the Indus to the Ganges River plains, where previously existing villages now became true city-states. The jungles of the Ganges area could not be cleared until iron axes and plows were available. That new metal - iron - also changed warfare to regulation infantry and cavalry. Farther south, Kosala and Magadha kingdoms were built by marcher lords of that area. (Ref. 45, 211) (Continue on page 185)









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