Changing a data type of a value is referred to as "type conversion".  There are two ways to do this:

The value being changed may be:

Automatic conversion of a value from one data type to another by a programming language, without the programmer specifically doing so, is called implicit type conversion.  It happens when ever a binary operator has two operands of different data types. Depending on the operator, one of the operands is going to be converted to the data type of the other. It could be promoted or demoted depending on the operator.

55 + 1.75

In this example the integer value 55 is converted to a floating-point value (most likely double) of 55.0. It was promoted.

int money;     // variable set up
    then later in the program
money = 23.16;

In this example the variable money is an integer. We are trying to move a floating-point value 23.16 into an integer storage location. This is demotion and the floating-point value usually gets truncated to 23.

Promotion is never a problem because the lower data type (smaller range of allowable values) is sub set of the higher data type (larger range of allowable values).  Promotion often occurs with three of the standard data types: character, integer and floating-point. The allowable values (or domains) progress from one type to another.  That is the character data type values are a sub set of integer values and integer values are a sub set of floating-point values; and within the floating-point values: float values are a sub set of double.  Even though character data represent the alphabetic letters, numeral digits (0 to 9) and other symbols (a period, $, comma, etc.) their bit pattern also represent integer values from 0 to 255.  This progression allows us to promote them up the chain from character to integer to float to double.

Demotion represents a potential problem with truncation or unpredictable results often occurring.  How do you fit an integer value of 456 into a character value?  How do you fit the floating-point value of 45656.453 into an integer value? Most compilers give a warning if it detects demotion happening. A compiler warning does not stop the compilation process. It does warn the programmer to check to see if the demotion is reasonable.

If I calculate the number of cans of soup to buy based on the number of people I am serving (say 8) and the servings per can (say 2.3), I would need 18.4 cans. I might want to demote the 18.4 into an integer. It would truncate the 18.4 into 18 and because the value 18 is within the domain of an integer data type, it should demote with the truncation side effect.

If I tried demoting a double that contained the number of stars in the Milky Way galaxy into an integer, I might have a get an unpredictable result (assuming the number of stars is larger than allowable values within the integer domain).

Most languages have a method for the programmer to change or cast a value from one data type to another; called explicit type conversion.  Within C++ the cast operator is a unary operator; it only has one operand and the operand is to the right of the operator. The operator is a set of parentheses surrounding the new data type.

(int) 4.234

This expression would evaluate to: 4.

Definition 1: implicit

A value that has its data type changed automatically.

Definition 2: explicit

Changing a value's data type with the cast operator.

Definition 3: promotion

Going from a smaller domain to a larger domain.

Definition 4: demotion

Going from a larger domain to a smaller domain.

Definition 5: truncation

The fractional part of a floating-point data type that is dropped when converted to an integer.