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Graphing Quadratic Solutions

Module by: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski. E-mail the authors

Summary: This module is from Elementary Algebra</link> by Denny Burzynski and Wade Ellis, Jr. Methods of solving quadratic equations as well as the logic underlying each method are discussed. Factoring, extraction of roots, completing the square, and the quadratic formula are carefully developed. The zero-factor property of real numbers is reintroduced. The chapter also includes graphs of quadratic equations based on the standard parabola, y = x^2, and applied problems from the areas of manufacturing, population, physics, geometry, mathematics (numbers and volumes), and astronomy, which are solved using the five-step method. Objectives of this module: be able to construct the graph of a parabola.

Overview

  • Parabolas
  • Constructing Graphs of Parabolas

Parabolas

We will now study the graphs of quadratic equations in two variables with general form y=a x 2 +bx+c, a≠0, a,b,c are real numbers y=a x 2 +bx+c, a≠0, a,b,c are real numbers

Parabola

All such graphs have a similar shape. The graph of a quadratic equation of this type Parabola is called a parabola and it will assume one of the following shapes.

Two parabolas, one opening upward and one opening downward. The lowest point of the parabola opening upward and the highest point of the parabola opening downward are each labeled as 'Vertex.'

Vertex

The high point or low point of a parabola is called the vertex of the parabola.

Constructing Graphs of Parabolas

We will construct the graph of a parabola by choosing several x x -values, computing to find the corresponding y y -values, plotting these ordered pairs, then drawing a smooth curve through them.

Sample Set A

Example 1

Graph y= x 2 . y= x 2 .    Construct a table to exhibit several ordered pairs.

Table 1
x x y= x 2 y= x 2
0 0
1 1
2 4
3 9
−1 −1 1
−2 −2 4
−3 −3 9


A graph of a parabola passing through five points with coordinates negative two, four; negative one, one; zero, zero; one, one; and two, four.

This is the most basic parabola. Although other parabolas may be wider, narrower, moved up or down, moved to the left or right, or inverted, they will all have this same basic shape. We will need to plot as many ordered pairs as necessary to ensure this basic shape.

Example 2

Graph y= x 2 −2. y= x 2 −2.     Construct a table of ordered pairs.

Table 2
x x y= x 2 −2 y= x 2 −2
0 −2 −2
1 −1 −1
2 2
3 7
−1 −1 −1 −1
−2 −2 2
−3 −3 7


A graph of a parabola passing through five points with coordinates negative two, two; negative one , negative one; zero, negative two, one, negative one; and two, two.

Notice that the graph of y= x 2 −2 y= x 2 −2 is precisely the graph of y= x 2 y= x 2 but translated 2 units down. Compare the equations y= x 2 y= x 2 and y= x 2 −2 y= x 2 −2 . Do you see what causes the 2 unit downward translation?

Practice Set A

Exercise 1

Use the idea suggested in Sample Set A to sketch (quickly and perhaps not perfectly accurately) the graphs of

y= x 2 +1 and y= x 2 −3 y= x 2 +1 and y= x 2 −3

An xy coordinate plane with gridlines, labeled negative five and five with increments of one units on both axes.  An xy coordinate plane with gridlines, labeled negative five and five with increments of one units on both axes.

Solution

A graph of a quadratic equation y equals x square plus one passing through five points with coordinates negative two, five; negative one, two; zero, one; one, two; and two, five.  A graph of a quadratic equation y equals x square minus three passing through five points with coordinates negative two, one; negative one, negative two; zero, negative three; one, negative two; and two, one.

Sample Set B

Example 3

Graph y= ( x+2 ) 2 . y= ( x+2 ) 2 .

Do we expect the graph to be similar to the graph of y= x 2 y= x 2 ? Make a table of ordered pairs.

Table 3
x x y y
0 4
1 9
−1 −1 1
−2 −2 0
−3 −3 1
−4 −4 4


A graph of a parabola passing through five points with coordinates negative four, four; negative three, one; negative two, zero;negative one, one; and zero, four.

Notice that the graph of y= ( x+2 ) 2 y= ( x+2 ) 2 is precisely the graph of y= x 2 y= x 2 but translated 2 units to the left. The +2 inside the parentheses moves y= x 2 y= x 2 two units to the left. A negative value inside the parentheses makes a move to the right.

Practice Set B

Exercise 2

Use the idea suggested in Sample Set B to sketch the graphs of

y= ( x−3 ) 2 and y= ( x+1 ) 2 y= ( x−3 ) 2 and y= ( x+1 ) 2

An xy coordinate plane with gridlines, labeled negative five and five with increments of one units on both axes.

Solution

A graph of a quadratic equation y equals x minus three the whole square passing through five points with the coordinates one, four; two, one; three, zero; four, one; and five, four.  A graph of a quadratic equation y equals x plus one the whole square passing through five points with the coordinates negative three, four; negative two, one; negative one, zero; zero, one; and one, four.

Exercise 3

Graph y= ( x−2 ) 2 +1 y= ( x−2 ) 2 +1

An xy coordinate plane with gridlines, labeled negative five and five with increments of one units on both axes.

Solution

A graph of a quadratic equation y equals x square minus three passing through five points with the coordinates zero, five; one, two; two, one; three, two; and four, five.

Exercises

For the following problems, graph the quadratic equations.

Exercise 4

y= x 2 y= x 2

An xy coordinate plane with gridlines, labeled negative five and five with increments of one units on both axes.

Solution

y= x 2 y= x 2

A graph of a parabola passing through five points with coordinates negative two, four; negative one, one; zero, zero, one, one; and two, four.

Exercise 5

y=− x 2 y=− x 2

An xy coordinate plane with gridlines, labeled negative five and five with increments of one units on both axes.

Exercise 6

y= ( x−1 ) 2 y= ( x−1 ) 2

An xy coordinate plane with gridlines, labeled negative five and five with increments of one units on both axes.

Solution

y= ( x−1 ) 2 y= ( x−1 ) 2

A graph of a parabola passing through five points with coordinates negative one, four; zero, one; one, zero, two, one; and three, four.

Exercise 7

y= ( x−2 ) 2 y= ( x−2 ) 2

An xy coordinate plane with gridlines, labeled negative five and five with increments of one units on both axes.

Exercise 8

y= ( x+3 ) 2 y= ( x+3 ) 2

An xy coordinate plane with gridlines, labeled negative five and five with increments of one units on both axes.

Solution

y= ( x+3 ) 2 y= ( x+3 ) 2

A graph of a parabola passing through five points with coordinates negative five, four; negative four, one; negative three,zero; negative two, one; and negative one, four.

Exercise 9

y= ( x+1 ) 2 y= ( x+1 ) 2

An xy coordinate plane with gridlines, labeled negative five and five with increments of one units on both axes.

Exercise 10

y= x 2 −3 y= x 2 −3

An xy coordinate plane with gridlines, labeled negative five and five with increments of one units on both axes.

Solution

y= x 2 −3 y= x 2 −3

A graph of a parabola passing through seven points with coordinates negative three, six; negative two, one; negative one, negative two; zero, negative three; one, negative two; two, one; and three, six.

Exercise 11

y= x 2 −1 y= x 2 −1

An xy coordinate plane with gridlines, labeled negative five and five with increments of one units on both axes.

Exercise 12

y= x 2 +2 y= x 2 +2

An xy coordinate plane with gridlines, labeled negative five and five with increments of one units on both axes.

Solution

y= x 2 +2 y= x 2 +2

A graph of a parabola passing through five points with coordinates negative two, six; negative one, three; zero, two; one, three; and two, six.

Exercise 13

y= x 2 + 1 2 y= x 2 + 1 2

An xy coordinate plane with gridlines, labeled negative five and five with increments of one units on both axes.

Exercise 14

y= x 2 − 1 2 y= x 2 − 1 2

An xy coordinate plane with gridlines, labeled negative five and five with increments of one units on both axes.

Solution

y= x 2 − 1 2 y= x 2 − 1 2

A graph of a parabola passing through five points with coordinates negative two, seven over two; negative one, one over two; zero, negative one over two; one, one over two; and two, seven over two.

Exercise 15

y=− x 2 +1 y=− x 2 +1 (Compare with problem 2.)

An xy coordinate plane with gridlines, labeled negative five and five with increments of one units on both axes.

Exercise 16

y=− x 2 −1 y=− x 2 −1 (Compare with problem 1.)

An xy coordinate plane with gridlines, labeled negative five and five with increments of one units on both axes.

Solution

y=− x 2 −1 y=− x 2 −1

A graph of a parabola passing through five points with coordinates negative two, negative five; negative one, negative two; zero, negative one, one, negative two; and two, negative five.

Exercise 17

y= ( x−1 ) 2 −1 y= ( x−1 ) 2 −1

An xy coordinate plane with gridlines, labeled negative five and five with increments of one units on both axes.

Exercise 18

y= ( x+3 ) 2 +2 y= ( x+3 ) 2 +2

An xy coordinate plane with gridlines, labeled negative five and five with increments of one units on both axes.

Solution

y= ( x+3 ) 2 +2 y= ( x+3 ) 2 +2

A graph of a parabola passing through five points with coordinates negative five, six; negative four, three; negative three, two; negative two, three; and negative one, six.

Exercise 19

y=− ( x+1 ) 2 y=− ( x+1 ) 2

An xy coordinate plane with gridlines, labeled negative five and five with increments of one units on both axes.

Exercise 20

y=− ( x+3 ) 2 y=− ( x+3 ) 2

An xy coordinate plane with gridlines, labeled negative five and five with increments of one units on both axes.

Solution

y=− ( x+3 ) 2 y=− ( x+3 ) 2

A graph of a parabola passing through five points with coordinates negative five, negative four; negative four, negative one; negative three, zero; negative two, negative one; and negative one, negative four.

Exercise 21

y=2 x 2 y=2 x 2

An xy coordinate plane with gridlines, labeled negative five and five with increments of one units on both axes.

Exercise 22

y=3 x 2 y=3 x 2

An xy coordinate plane with gridlines, labeled negative five and five with increments of one units on both axes.

Solution

y=3 x 2 y=3 x 2

A graph of a parabola passing through three points with coordinates negative one, three; zero, zero; and one, three.

Exercise 23

y= 1 2 x 2 y= 1 2 x 2

An xy coordinate plane with gridlines, labeled negative five and five with increments of one units on both axes.

Exercise 24

y= 1 3 x 2 y= 1 3 x 2

An xy coordinate plane with gridlines, labeled negative five and five with increments of one units on both axes.

Solution

y= 1 3 x 2 y= 1 3 x 2

A graph of a parabola passing through three points with coordinates negative three, three; zero, zero; and three, three.

For the following problems, try to guess the quadratic equation that corresponds to the given graph.

Exercise 25

A graph of a quadratic equation passing through three points with coordinates negative one, three; zero, two; and one, three.

Exercise 26

A graph of a quadratic equation passing through three points with coordinates one, four; two, one; three, zero; four, one and five, four.

Solution

y= ( x−3 ) 2 y= ( x−3 ) 2

Exercise 27

A graph of a quadratic equation passing through five points with coordinates negative four, negative four; negative three, negative one; negative two, zero ;negative one, negative one; and zero, negative four.

Exercise 28

A graph of a quadratic equation passing through five points with coordinates negative five, negative two; negative four, one; negative three, two;negative two, one; and negative one, negative two.

Solution

y=− ( x+3 ) 2 +2 y=− ( x+3 ) 2 +2

Exercises For Review

Exercise 29

((Reference)) Simplify and write ( x −4 y 5 ) −3 ( x −6 y 4 ) 2 ( x −4 y 5 ) −3 ( x −6 y 4 ) 2 so that only positive exponents appear.

Exercise 30

((Reference)) Factor y 2 −y−42. y 2 −y−42.

Solution

( y+6 )( y−7 ) ( y+6 )( y−7 )

Exercise 31

((Reference)) Find the sum: 2 a−3 + 3 a+3 + 18 a 2 −9 . 2 a−3 + 3 a+3 + 18 a 2 −9 .

Exercise 32

((Reference)) Simplify 2 4+ 5 . 2 4+ 5 .

Solution

8−2 5 11 8−2 5 11

Exercise 33

((Reference)) Four is added to an integer and that sum is doubled. When this result is multiplied by the original integer, the product is −6. −6. Find the integer.

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