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TUTORIAL NO.1 of Lecture 1 of Analog Electronics.

Module by: Bijay_Kumar Sharma. E-mail the author

Summary: Abstract: The Tutorial Problems on Lecture 1 of Analog Electronics.

TUTORIAL NO.1

  1. (1) What are the Solid State Equivalents of the electronic components and systems in Vacuum Tube Era?
Table 1
Vacuum Tube Era(1895- 1954) Solid State Era(1954 onward)
Incandescent Lamp White Light Emitting Diodes(still in experimental stage)
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope(Raster Scan System)- here we address pixel by pixel Liquid Crystal Display ( Line at a time display)- here we address row of pixels at a time.
Vacuum Diode PN junction silicon diode(Rectifier-full wave and half wave)
Vacuum Pentode Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)or Field Effect Transistor(FET)
Thyratron for industrial applications( thyratron was made of gas filled tubes) Thyristors for industrial applications(Silicon Controlled Rectifiers_SCR made of four layer PNPN diode- these are also rectifiers but here the angle of firing or phase angle for which the SCR is on can be controlled hence it is called controlled rectifier)
Gas filled discharge tubes produce different colours such as
  1. Sodium Vapour Discharge Lamps-Yellow Light;
  2. Neon Lamps_Orange-Red Light;
  3. Mercury Vapour Lamps-UV light;
  4. Argon Discharge Lamps-Bluish purple light;
  5. Krypton Discharge Lamp-White light;
 Different Coloured Light Emitting Diodes(LED) or LASER Diodes
Photo Multipliers Photo-diodes(sensors as well as Photo Voltaic Cell or Solar Cell)
Photography Cameras Charge Coupled Devices Camera

We have studied different applications of Op.Amp. in Basic Electronics Class as well as we have studied Negative feedback Amplifiers. All the op amp amplifiers are negative feed back amplifiers. Each amplifier application approximates one of the ideal controlled sources. In the following example you have got to identify the controlled sources which the particular example of op.amp. application approximates.

(2). Explain how a Non-inverting amplifier is a Transconductance amplifier.

Ans:

Figure 1
Figure 1 (graphics1.png)
vO/vS = (1+ R2/R1)

From this equation we get:

(vO -vS )/R2 = i ;

Thus it is an input voltage is being converted to a current i . Hence it is voltage-to-current converter therefore it is an ideal trans-conductance amplifier or voltage controlled current source.

If we are working in terms of output voltage and input voltage then we have VCVS. It is an ideal Voltage Amplifier.

(3) Explain how an inverting amplifier is an ideal trans-resistance amplifier.

Ans:-

Figure 2
Figure 2 (Picture 3.png)

By Norton Theorem At the input terminal:-

Figure 3
Figure 3 (Picture 4.png)

Here all input current i1 flows into R2 because we know that input impedance of the Op.Amp. is very large in tens of Megohms and input voltage at the double ended input of OP.Amp. is practically zero.

Therefore vo = - i2 R2 ;

Here input current is being converted into output voltage;

This is known as current to voltage converter. This is used to convert photo-ionic currents generated in photocells or in photo=diodes into voltage sources with very low source impedance. Here a current source with high internal impedance is converted to a voltage source vo with low internal impedance.

4) Give the characteristics of the four ideal amplifiers and give an example of each.

Ans)

Table 2
Ideal Amplifier Gain Rin Rout Example
Voltage Controlled Voltage Source (Voltage Amplifier) graphics2.png ∞ 0 Triode,Op-Amp,Emitter follower,voltage follower,source follower, Non-Inv Amplifier
Voltage Controlled Current Source (Transconductance Amplifier) graphics3.png ∞ ∞ Pentode,Field Effect Transistor(FET)
Current Controlled Voltage Source (Transresistance Amplifier) graphics4.png 0 0 Inverting Amplifier
Current Controlled Current Source (Current Amplifier) graphics5.png 0 ∞ Bipolar Junction Transistor(BJT)(CE & CB)CE->ib controls βfoibCB->ie controls αfoie

Electronics In Action

MP3 Player Amplifier Characteristics (Used In APPLE IPods)

Figure 4
Figure 4 (Picture 5.png)

Constant voltage Source

Band Width = 20 Hz – 20 kHz

Pout =30 mW in each channel of a stereo head phone

Total Harmonic Distortion = 0.1 % at full power;

This is called a high fidelity system.

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