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Visualise and name 3-dimensional objects in the environment

Module by: Siyavula Uploaders. E-mail the author

MATHEMATICS

Grade 4

MEASUREMENT, SPACE AND SHAPE

Module 11

VISUALISE AND NAME 3-DIMENSIONAL OBJECTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT

Activity 1:

To recognise, visualise and name 3-dimensional objects in the environment [LO 3.1]

To describe, sort and compare them [LO 3.2]

Prisms, rectangular prisms, spheres, cylinders, pyramids, and other objects are found all round us.

1. Study the following three-dimensional objects in order to learn their names and be able to recognize and name similar objects in the world around us:

Figure 1
Figure 1 (Picture 1.png)

2. Objects in the world around us: now try to draw and name the 3-D objects:

Table 1
Item Drawing Geometrical name of the object
Cricket ball    
Cube of sugar (lump)    
Tin of dog-food    
Table 2
Ice-cream cone    
Box of matches    
Packet of cornflakes    
Triangular box of sweets    

3. More shapes and objects.

3.1 Write each of the following solid objects under the correct geometrical heading: The sun; a string of spaghetti; a block of ice; an ordinary candle; the handle of a garden rake; a book; an orange; a brick; a block of margarine. Think of others and write them in the columns too, especially the columns that seem to be rather empty.

3.2 Compare your lists with those of your friends. If they have an item that you have not thought of, you may add it to your list.

Table 3
Sphere Cylinder Cube Cuboid (rectangular prism) Pyramid Cone
           
           
           
           
           
           

. Write the correct geometrical name next to each of the following:

  • a block of flats
  • the walls of a rondavel
  • a wigwam/tepee
  • the roof of a rondavel
  • the stones at Stonehenge

5. Look at the objects again. How many surfaces are there? Are the surfaces flat or curved? What shape are the surfaces? Fill in the missing words to describe the objects:

Table 4
Object Number of surfaces Flat or curved surfaces Shape of surfaces
A box of cornflakes      
A ball      
A cube of sugar      
A candle      
A pyramid     Sides:Base:

Activity 2:

  • To recognise, visualise and name 2-D shapes and 3-D objects in the environment [LO 3.1]
  • To describe, sort and compare 2-D shapes and 3-D objects from the environment [LO 3.2]
  • To make 2-D shapes, 3-D objects and patterns from tangrams [LO 3.5]
  • Two-dimensional shapes are flat. We can draw them on a piece of paper. Polygons are all closed geometric shapes with straight sides.
  1. Polygons: Use your pencil and ruler to practise drawing these.

3 sides: Triangles

Figure 2
Figure 2 (Picture 2.png)

4 sides: Quadrilaterals

Figure 3
Figure 3 (Picture 3.png)

5 sides: Pentagons (when all the sides are equal in length, it is a regular pentagon; if they are different lengths, it is an irregular pentagon)

Figure 4
Figure 4 (Picture 4.png)

6 sides: Hexagons

Figure 5
Figure 5 (Picture 5.png)

7 sides: Heptagons

Figure 6
Figure 6 (Picture 6.png)

(Try to draw one regular heptagon.)

2. Circles

2.1 Circles are not polygons. Look at the circle below and compare it with the polygons that we have discussed:

Figure 7
Figure 7 (Picture 7.png)
  • Complete: The circle is not a polygon because __________________________
  • Now try to think of an example of each shape that we have considered, in your environment. Remember, they must all be flat because they are two-dimensional. In each shape below, fill in the road signs that you have seen in the world around you and on the way to school.

3.1 The Circle

Figure 8
Figure 8 (Picture 8.png)

3.2 The Triangle

Figure 9
Figure 9 (Picture 9.png)

3.3 The Square

Figure 10
Figure 10 (Picture 10.png)

3.4 The Rectangle

Figure 11
Figure 11 (Picture 11.png)

3.5 The Octogon

Figure 12
Figure 12 (Picture 12.png)

4. Cut out the TANGRAM on the next page. Cut out all the shapes in it.

4.1 Turn what’s left of the sheet of paper over. Put the tangram together again to form the original square without looking at the second tangram. Now turn the paper over again and see if you did it correctly.

4.2 Now use the shapes to make:

  1. a) a boat,
  2. b) a human figure,
  3. c) a dog,
  4. d) other things.

4.3 Show your friends what you have made and discuss what you and they have made.

4.4 Paste your best one on paper and use it to decorate the classroom.

TANGRAMS FOR CUTTING OUT

Figure 13
Figure 13 (Picture 13.png)

Figure 14
Figure 14 (Picture 14.png)

5. Study the triangles in the table.

  • Fill in the number of sides and angles (corners) in each triangle.
  • Encircle the correct statement about the sides and the angles(corners) of each triangle. (Later you will learn to measure the corners; just now decide by just looking at them.)

Triangle

Figure 15
Figure 15 (Picture 15.png)

Number of sides: ……..

Length:

  • all the same
  • 2 the same

none the same

Number of angles:……..

Size of angles:

  • all the same
  • 2 the same

none the same

Figure 16
Figure 16 (Picture 16.png)

Number of sides: ……..

Length:

  • all the same
  • 2 the same

none the same

Number of angles:……….

Size of angles:

  • all the same
  • 2 the same

none the same

Figure 17
Figure 17 (Picture 17.png)

Number of sides: ………

Length:

  • all the same
  • 2 the same

none the same

Number of angles:………

Size of angles:

  • all the same
  • 2 the same

none the same

Figure 18
Figure 18 (Picture 18.png)

Number of sides: ……..

Length:

  • all the same
  • 2 the same

none the same

Number of angles:……….

Size of angles:

  • all the same
  • 2 the same

none the same

Figure 19
Figure 19 (Picture 19.png)

Number of sides:………

Length:

  • all the same
  • 2 the same

none the same

Figure 20
Figure 20 (Picture 20.png)

Number of sides: ……….

Length:

  • all the same
  • 2 the same

none the same

Number of angles:………

Size of angles:

  • all the same
  • 2 the same

none the same

5.3 Use the squared paper on the rest of this page to make as many triangles with different shapes as you can.

Table 5
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               

6. You know a square and a rectangle. Here are some more QUADRILATERALS: You do NOT need to know their names.

Figure 21
Figure 21 (Picture 21.png)

6.1 Use the squared paper on the rest of the page to draw as many different quadrilaterals as you can. Begin with a square and a rectangle.

Table 6
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               
                               

6.2 Compare their sides and angles and encircle the correct statements.

Table 7
Shape Sides Angles (corners)
Rectangle Number of sides: ……………Length of sides:
  • all equal
  • opposite sides equal
  • other (explain)
 Number of angles: …………...Size of angles:
  • all equal
  • opposite angles equal
  • other (explain)
Square Number of sides: ……………Length of sides:
  • all equal
  • opposite sides equal
  • other (explain)
 Number of angles: …………...Size of angles:
  • all equal
  • opposite angles equal
  • other (explain)
Parallelogram Number of sides: ……………Length of sides:
  • all equal
  • opposite sides equal
  • other (explain)
 Number of angles: …………...Size of angles:
  • all equal
  • opposite angles equal
  • other (explain)
Table 8
Shape Sides Angles (corners)
Rhombus Number of sides: ……………Length of sides:
  • all equal
  • opposite sides equal
  • other (explain)
 Number of angles: …………...Size of angles:
  • all equal
  • opposite angles equal
  • other (explain)
Trapezium Number of sides: ……………Length of sides:
  • all equal
  • opposite sides equal
  • other (explain)
 Number of angles: …………...Size of angles:
  • all equal
  • opposite angles equal
  • other (explain)
Kite Number of sides: ……………Length of sides:
  • all equal
  • opposite sides equal
  • other (explain)
 Number of angles: …………...Size of angles:
  • all equal
  • opposite angles equal
  • other (explain)

6.3 Discuss with your friends:

a) Is a square a special rectangle?

b) Is a square a parallelogram?

c) Is a rectangle a parallelogram?

d) What is a quadrilateral?

8. Why is a circle not a polygon?

9. What is the geometrical name for these objects:

9.1

Figure 22
Figure 22 (Picture 27.png)

9.2

Figure 23
Figure 23 (Picture 28.png)

9.3 a golf ball

10 How many faces (surfaces) has a cube of sugar?

11. Describe in one word the surface of a sphere.

12. Choose the correct word and underline it: The surface of the sun is curved / flat.

13. How many surfaces has a tetrahedron (3-sided pyramid)?

Assessment

Table 9
LO 3
space and shape (geometry)The learner will be able to describe and represent characteristics and relationships between two-dimensional shapes and three-dimensional objects in a variety of orientations and positions.
We know this when the learner:
3.1 recognises, visualises and names two-dimensional shapes and three-dimensional objects in the environment including:
  • rectangular prisms, spheres, cylinders, and other objects;
  • prisms and pyramids;
  • circles and rectangles;
  • polygons in terms of the number of sides up to 8-sided figures;
3.2 describes, sorts and compares two-dimensional shapes and three-dimensional objects from the environment according to geometrical properties including:
  • shapes of faces;
  • number of sides;
  • flat and curved surfaces, straight and curved sides;

Memorandum

ACTIVITY 1 3D objects

1. Study

2. Drawings; sphere; cube; cylinder; cone; cuboid/ rectangular prism; cuboid; pyramid

3.1 and 3.2

Table 10
Sphere Cylinder Cube Cuboid Pyramid Cone
Orange Spaghetti Ice block Book Box of chocolates Ice-cream cone
All balls Candle Dice Brick   Paper hat
  Rake handle   margarine    
           
           

4.1 cuboid

4.2 cylinder

4.3 cone

4.4 cone

4.5 cuboid

5. Table

Table 11
Object Number of surfaces Flat or curved surfaces Shape of surfaces
Box 6 flat Rectangle
ball 1 curved Sphere
cube 6 flat Square
candle 3 Sides: curved Cylindrical
pyramid 3 or 4 flat Sides: triangular;Base: triangular or square

ACTIVITY 2 2D shapes

1. Polygons: own

2.1 Circles: polygons have straight edges; circles are curved

2.2 It has a curved edge.

3.1 to 3.5 own

4.1 to 4.4 own

5.1 and 5.2

Table 12
Triangle Sides Corners/ Angles
  3all the same 3all the same
  32 the same 32 the same
  32 the same 3 2 the same
  3none the same 3none the same
  3none the same 3 none the same
  3none the same 3none the same
  • Own
  • Own

6.3 (a) yes

(b) yes

(c) yes

(d) It is a closed, flat 4-sided figure with straight sides.

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