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First Order Filters

Module by: Carlos E. Davila. E-mail the author

A first-order lowpass filter has the frequency response

H L P ( j Ω ) = 1 1 + j Ω Ω c H L P ( j Ω ) = 1 1 + j Ω Ω c
(1)

The frequency at which the frequency response magnitude has dropped to 1/21/2 is called the corner frequency1. The frequency response magnitude and phase are plotted in Figure 1. It is common to express the frequency response magnitude in units of decibels (dB) using the formula

20 l o g 10 H ( j Ω ) 20 l o g 10 H ( j Ω )
(2)

At the corner frequency for a first order lowpass filter, the frequency response magnitude is 1/21/2 or roughly -3 dB. From (Reference), it can easily be seen that the impulse response for the first-order lowpass filter is given by

h L P ( t ) = Ω c e - Ω c t u ( t ) h L P ( t ) = Ω c e - Ω c t u ( t )
(3)

A first-order highpass filter is given by

H H P ( j Ω ) = j Ω Ω c 1 + j Ω Ω c H H P ( j Ω ) = j Ω Ω c 1 + j Ω Ω c
(4)

Notice that

H H P ( j Ω ) = 1 - 1 1 + j Ω Ω c H H P ( j Ω ) = 1 - 1 1 + j Ω Ω c
(5)

This makes sense since a highpass filter can be constructed by taking the filter input x(t)x(t) and subtracting from it a lowpass filtered version of x(t)x(t). The impulse response of the first-order highpass filter therefore becomes:

h H P ( t ) = δ ( t ) - Ω c e - Ω c t u ( t ) h H P ( t ) = δ ( t ) - Ω c e - Ω c t u ( t )
(6)
Figure 1: Frequency response magnitude and phase for a first-order lowpass filter (Ωc=1Ωc=1 rad/sec).
Figure 1 (ch3_lpfilt.png)
Figure 2: Frequency response magnitude and phase for a first-order highpass filter (Ωc=1Ωc=1 rad/sec).
Figure 2 (ch3_hpfilt.png)

First order filters can be easily implemented using linear circuit elements like resistors, capacitors, and inductors. Figure 3 shows a first order filter based on a resistor and a capacitor. Since the impedance for a resistor and capacitor are RR and 1/jΩC1/jΩC, respectively, voltage division leads to a frequency response of

H L P ( j Ω ) = 1 1 + j Ω R 1 C 1 H L P ( j Ω ) = 1 1 + j Ω R 1 C 1
(7)

Therefore the corner frequency for this filter is Ωc=1R1C1Ωc=1R1C1. Similarly, a first-order highpass filter can be implemented using a resistor and capacitor as shown in Figure 4. This filter has a frequency response of

H H P ( j Ω ) = j Ω R 2 C 2 1 + j Ω R 2 C 2 H H P ( j Ω ) = j Ω R 2 C 2 1 + j Ω R 2 C 2
(8)

The corner frequency for the highpass filter is seen to be Ωc=1R2C2Ωc=1R2C2.

Figure 3: Circuit implementation of a first-order lowpass filter having Ωc=1/R1C1Ωc=1/R1C1.
Figure 3 (ch3_lpcirc.png)
Figure 4: Circuit implementation of a first-order highpass filter having Ωc=1/R2C2Ωc=1/R2C2.
Figure 4 (ch3_hpcirc.png)

Now one might be tempted to apply the results of (Reference) to build a bandpass filter by cascading the lowhpass and highpass circuits in Figures Figure 3 and Figure 4, respectively. Theory would predict that the equivalent frequency response of this circuit is given by

H e q ( j Ω ) = H L P ( j Ω ) H H P ( j Ω ) H e q ( j Ω ) = H L P ( j Ω ) H H P ( j Ω )
(9)

Unfortunately, this is not possible since the circuit elements in the lowpass and highpass filters interact with one another and therefore affect the overall behavior of the circuit. This interaction between the two circuits is called loading will be studied in greater detail in the exercises. To get theoretical behavior, it is necessary to use a voltage follower circuit, between the lowpass filter from the highpass circuits. The voltage follower circuit is usually an active circuit (requires external power supply) that has very high input impedance and very low output impedance. This eliminates any loading effects which would normally occur between the lowpass and highpass filter circuits.

Footnotes

  1. This term most likely originates from it's role in Bode plots, a shortcut method for sketching the graph of a frequency response.

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