How can you tell if you are running out-of-core? There are ways to check for pag- ing on the machine, but perhaps the most straightforward check is to compare the size of your program against the amount of available memory. You do this with the size command:

      % size myprogram
    

On a System V UNIX machine, the output looks something like this:

      53872 + 53460 + 10010772 = 10118104
    

On a Berkeley UNIX derivative you see something like this:

      text     data      bss         hex       decimal
      53872    53460     10010772    9a63d8    10118104
    

The first three fields describe the amount of memory required for three different portions of your program. The first, text, accounts for the machine instructions that make up your program. The second, data, includes initialized values in your pro- gram such as the contents of data statements, common blocks, externals, character strings, etc. The third component, bss, (block started by symbol), is usually the largest. It describes an uninitialized data area in your program. This area would be made of common blocks that are not set by a block data. The last field is a total for all three sections added together, in bytes.2

Next, you need to know how much memory you have in your system. Unfortunately, there isn’t a standard UNIX command for this. On the RS/6000, /etc/lscfg tells you. On an SGI machine, /etc/hinv does it. Many System V UNIX implementations have an /etc/memsize command. On any Berkeley derivative, you can type:

      % ps aux
    

This command gives you a listing of all the processes running on the machine. Find the process with the largest value in the %MEM. Divide the value in the RSS field by the percentage of memory used to get a rough figure for how much memory your machine has:

      memory = RSS/(%MEM/100)
    

For instance, if the largest process shows 5% memory usage and a resident set size (RSS) of 840 KB, your machine has 840000/(5/100) = 16 MB of memory.3 If the answer from the size command shows a total that is anywhere near the amount of memory you have, you stand a good chance of paging when you run — especially if you are doing other things on the machine at the same time.

Your system’s performance monitoring tools tell you if programs are paging. Some paging is OK; page faults and “page-ins” occur naturally as programs run. Also, be careful if you are competing for system resources along with other users. The pic- ture you get won’t be the same as when you have the computer to yourself.

To check for paging activity on a Berkeley UNIX derivative, use the vmstat command. Commonly people invoke it with a time increment so that it reports paging at regular intervals:

      % vmstat 5

This command produces output every five seconds.

      procs     memory              page               disk       faults     cpu
      r b w   avm   fre  re at  pi  po  fr  de  sr s0 d1 d2 d3  in  sy  cs us sy id
      0 0 0   824 21568   0  0   0   0   0   0   0  0  0  0  0  20  37  13  0  1 98
      0 0 0   840 21508   0  0   0   0   0   0   0  1  0  0  0 251 186 156  0 10 90
      0 0 0   846 21460   0  0   0   0   0   0   0  2  0  0  0 248 149 152  1  9 89
      0 0 0   918 21444   0  0   0   0   0   0   0  4  0  0  0 258 143 152  2 10 89

Lots of valuable information is produced. For our purposes, the important fields are avm or active virtual memory, the fre or free real memory, and the pi and po numbers showing paging activity. When the fre figure drops to near zero, and the po field shows a lot of activity, it’s an indication that the memory system is overworked.

On a SysV machine, paging activity can be seen with the sar command:

      % sar -r 5 5
    

This command shows you the amount of free memory and swap space presently available. If the free memory figure is low, you can assume that your program is paging:

      Sat Apr 18 20:42:19 
      [r] freemem freeswap
             4032    82144
    

As we mentioned earlier, if you must run a job larger than the size of the memory on your machine, the same sort of advice that applied to conserving cache activity applies to paging activity.4 Try to minimize the stride in your code, and where you can’t, blocking memory references helps a whole lot.

A note on memory performance monitoring tools: you should check with your workstation vendor to see what they have available beyond vmstat or sar. There may be much more sophisticated (and often graphical) tools that can help you understand how your program is using memory.