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# Addition and Subtraction of Whole Numbers: Summary of Key Concepts

Module by: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski. E-mail the authorsEdited By: Math Editors

Summary: This module is from Fundamentals of Mathematics by Denny Burzynski and Wade Ellis, Jr. This module reviews the key concepts from the chapter Addition and Subtraction of Whole Numbers.

## Summary of Key Concepts

### Number / Numeral ((Reference))

A number is a concept. It exists only in the mind. A numeral is a symbol that represents a number. It is customary not to distinguish between the two (but we should remain aware of the difference).

### Hindu-Arabic Numeration System ((Reference))

In our society, we use the Hindu-Arabic numeration system. It was invented by the Hindus shortly before the third century and popularized by the Arabs about a thousand years later.

### Digits ((Reference))

The numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 are called digits.

### Base Ten Positional System ((Reference))

The Hindu-Arabic numeration system is a positional number system with base ten. Each position has value that is ten times the value of the position to its right.

### Commas / Periods ((Reference))

Commas are used to separate digits into groups of three. Each group of three is called a period. Each period has a name. From right to left, they are ones, thou­sands, millions, billions, etc.

### Whole Numbers ((Reference))

A whole number is any number that is formed using only the digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9).

### Number Line ((Reference))

The number line allows us to visually display the whole numbers.

### Graphing ((Reference))

Graphing a whole number is a term used for visually displaying the whole number. The graph of 4 appears below.

To express a whole number as a verbal phrase:

1. Begin at the right and, working right to left, separate the number into distinct periods by inserting commas every three digits.
2. Begin at the left, and read each period individually.

### Writing Whole Numbers ((Reference))

To rename a number that is expressed in words to a number expressed in digits:

1. Notice that a number expressed as a verbal phrase will have its periods set off by commas.
2. Start at the beginning of the sentence, and write each period of numbers individ­ually.
3. Use commas to separate periods, and combine the periods to form one number.

### Rounding ((Reference))

Rounding is the process of approximating the number of a group of objects by mentally "seeing" the collection as occurring in groups of tens, hundreds, thou­sands, etc.

Addition is the process of combining two or more objects (real or intuitive) to form a new, third object, the total, or sum.

### Subtraction ((Reference))

Subtraction is the process of determining the remainder when part of the total is removed.

### Commutative Property of Addition ((Reference))

If two whole numbers are added in either of two orders, the sum will not change.
3 + 5 = 5 + 3 3 + 5 = 5 + 3 size 12{3+5=5+3} {}

### Associative Property of Addition ((Reference))

If three whole numbers are to be added, the sum will be the same if the first two are added and that sum is then added to the third, or if the second two are added and the first is added to that sum.
( 3 + 5 ) + 2 = 3 + ( 5 + 2 ) ( 3 + 5 ) + 2 = 3 + ( 5 + 2 ) size 12{ $$3+5$$ +2=3+ $$5+2$$ } {}

The whole number 0 is called the additive identity since, when it is added to any particular whole number, the sum is identical to that whole number.
0 + 7 = 7 0 + 7 = 7 size 12{0+7=7} {}
7 + 0 = 7 7 + 0 = 7 size 12{7+0=7} {}

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