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Resources: Examples of Published Write Ups

Module by: John R. Slate, Ana Rojas-LeBouef. E-mail the authors

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Note:

This module is published by NCPEA Press and is presented as an NCPEA/Connexions publication. Each chapter has been peer-reviewed, accepted, and endorsed by the National Council of Professors of Educational Administration (NCPEA) as a significant contribution to the scholarship and practice of education administration. Formatted and edited in Connexions by Theodore Creighton and Brad Bizzell, Virginia Tech and Janet Tareilo, Stephen F. Austin State University.

About the Authors

  • John R. Slate is a Professor at Sam Houston State University where he teaches Basic and Advanced Statistics courses, as well as professional writing, to doctoral students in Educational Leadership and Counseling. His research interests lie in the use of educational databases, both state and national, to reform school practices. To date, he has chaired and/or served over 100 doctoral student dissertation committees. Recently, Dr. Slate created a website, Writing and Statistical Help to assist students and faculty with both statistical assistance and in editing/writing their dissertations/theses and manuscripts.
  • Ana Rojas-LeBouef is a Literacy Specialist at the Reading Center at Sam Houston State University where she teaches developmental reading courses. She recently completed her doctoral degree in Reading, where she conducted a 16-year analysis of Texas statewide data regarding the achievement gap. Her research interests lie in examining the inequities in achievement among ethnic groups. Dr. Rojas-LeBouef also assists students and faculty in their writing and statistical needs on the Writing and Statistical website, Writing and Statistical Help

Descriptive Statistics:

For writeups of descriptive statistics within the context of a published article, please see:

  • 1. Moore, G. W., & Slate, J. R. (2008). Who’s in the Advanced Placement courses and how are they doing? A two-year statewide study. The High School Journal, 92(1), 55-67. doi:10.1353/hsj.0.0013
  • In this study, the first research question involved the reporting of descriptive statistics. Moore and Slate (2008) discuss their statistical information in adherence to APA formatting and have several tables in which their descriptive statistics are present.
  • 3. Clark, D., Slate, J. R., & Viglietti, G. C. (2009). Children’s weight and academic performance in elementary school: Cause for concern? Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy (ASAP), 9(1), 185-204. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-2415.2009.01186.x Available online at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122665434/abstract
  • In this study, Clark, Slate, and Viglietti (2009) provide an extensive set of tables in which descriptive statistics regarding the prevalence of obesity in elementary school children were provided. Both basic and complex tables are depicted in the Clark et al. (2009) study.
  • 4. Manuel, M., & Slate, J. R. (2003). Hispanic females in the superintendency: A national study. Advancing Women in Leadership, 7(1). Available online at http://www.advancingwomen.com/awl/fall2003/MANUEL%7E1.html
  • In this article, Manuel and Slate (2003) provide an array of descriptive statistics in which they provide a profile of Hispanic females in the superintendency. Readers will note that the entire study is one of describing superintendents who are Hispanic females. No inferential statistics are present.

Chi-square

For writeups of nonparametric Pearson chi-squares within the context of a published article, please see:

  • 1. Moore, G., Slate, J. R., & Martinez-Garcia, C. (2009). Advanced Placement exam performance and Asian students: A national study. Asian Journal of Educational Research and Synergy (AJERS), 1(2), 13-23.
  • In this study, Moore, Slate, and Martinez-Garcia (2009) used aggregated Advanced Placement data to determine whether statistically significant differences were present between Asian students and White students on their Advanced Placement exam performance. Their chi-square results were reported in detail and in compliance with APA 6th edition formatting.
  • 2. Moore, G. W., & Slate, J. R. (2010). Advanced Placement exams and American Indian performance. American Secondary Education, 38(2), 73-94.
  • In this study, Moore and Slate (2010) used aggregated Advanced Placement data to determine whether statistically significant differences were present between American Indian students and White students on their Advanced Placement exam performance. Their chi-square results were reported in detail and in compliance with APA 6th edition formatting. Readers will note the consistency in reporting of chi-square results across these two studies.
  • 3. Clark, D., Slate, J. R., & Viglietti, G. C. (2009). Children’s weight and academic performance in elementary school: Cause for concern? Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy (ASAP), 9(1), 185-204. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-2415.2009.01186.x Available online at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122665434/abstract
  • In this study, Clark, Slate, and Viglietti (2009) report the results of several Pearson chi-square procedures in which they ascertain whether differences were present in the obesity percentages by ethnicity and by gender.
  • 4. Wang, Y., Gibson, A., Solis, F., Selinas, L., & Slate, J. R. (2007). Thematic differences in mission statements between four-year institutions and two-year colleges in Texas. International Electronic Journal of Leadership in Learning. Available online at http://www.ucalgary.ca/~iejll/volume11/slate.htm
  • In this article, Wang, Gibson, Solis, Selinas, and Slate (2007) reported the results of several Pearson chi-squares as they examined differences in mission statements between 4-year and 2-year institutions in Texas.

Correlation:

For writeups of correlation statistics within the context of a published article, please see the following articles. With the exception of the data not being normally distributed and the use of the Spearman rho instead of the Pearson r, the writeup for correlations and their interpretations are the same, regardless of the specific type calculated.

  • 1. Schulte, D. P., & Slate, J. R. (2011). Charter schools: Instructional expenditures and college-readiness. International Journal of Educational Leadership Preparation, 5(2). Available online at http://ijelp.expressacademic.org/article.php?autoID=361&issueID=74
  • In this study, Schulte and Slate (2011) had three research questions in which correlations were calculated. They indicated that they had checked for linearity and for normality of their data. Statistical significant results were described in adherence with APA 6th edition. Moreover, effect sizes were present.
  • 2. Garcia, C., Slate, J. R., & Delgado, C. (2009). Salary and ranking and teacher turnover: A statewide study. International Journal of Education Policy and Leadership, 4(7). Retrieved from http://journals.sfu.ca/ijepl/index.php/ijepl/article/view/114/76
  • In this study, Garcia, Slate, and Delgado (2009) report the results of three Pearson rs they calculated to address their relationship between teacher salary and teacher turnover. Effect sizes and strength of associations were present in their study.
  • 3. Combs, J. P., Clark, D., Moore, G., Edmonson, S. L., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Slate, J. R. (2011). Academic achievement for fifth-grade students in elementary and intermediate school settings. Current Issues in Education, 4(1). Available online athttp://cie.asu.edu/ojs/index.php/cieatasu/article/view/677
  • In this article, Combs et al. (2011) present a correlation matrix in compliance with APA 6th edition style. Moreover, the correlation statistics presented were described thoroughly, along with their effect sizes.
  • 4. Jaurequi, J. A., Slate, J. R., & Brown, M. S. (2008). Texas community colleges and characteristics of a growing undocumented student population. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 7(4), 346-355. doi:10.1177/1054773804271935 Available online at http://JHH.sagepub.com/content/vol7/issue4
  • In this study, Jaurequi, Slate, and Brown (2008) examined the relationship between community college size and undocumented student enrollment and the relationship between Hispanic student enrollment and undocumented student enrollment.

Parametric Independent Samples t-test

For writeups of a parametric independent samples t-test within the context of a published article, please see:

  • 1. Slate, J. R., LaPrairie, K., Schulte, D. P., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2010). Characteristics of effective college faculty: A mixed analysis. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 34(1), 1-16. doi:10.1080/02602930903428684
  • In this study, Slate, LaPrairie, Schulte, and Onwuegbuzie (2010) conduct four parametric independent samples t-tests in their mixed method research study regarding characteristics of effective college faculty. Slate et al. (2010) examined the normality of their data, prior to conducting these statistical procedures, and then reported their results and effect sizes, when statistically significant results were present.
  • 2. Schulte, D. P., Slate, J. R., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2008). Characteristics of effective high school teachers: A mixed analysis. International Journal of Educational Research, 47, 351-361. doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2008.12.001
  • In this study, Schulte, Slate, and Onwuegbuzie (2008) conduct four parametric independent samples t-tests in their mixed method research study regarding characteristics of effective high school teachers. Slate et al. (2010) examined the normality of their data, prior to conducting these statistical procedures, and then reported their results and effect sizes, when statistically significant results were present.

Parametric Dependent Samples t-test

For writeups of a parametric dependent samples t-test within the context of a published article, please see:

  • 1. Slate, J. R., LaPrairie, K., Schulte, D. P., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2009). My best and poorest college teachers: Stories from college students. Issues in Educational Research. Available online at http://www.iier.org.au/iier.html
  • In this mixed method research study, Slate, LaPrairie, Schulte, and Onwuegbuzie (2009) conducted a parametric paired samples t-test to determine whether students wrote a statistically significantly different number of themes for their best college teacher than for their poorest college teacher.

Nonparametric Independent Samples t-test:

For a writeup of a nonparametric independent samples t-test (i.e., Mann-Whitney U) results, please see:

  • 1. Williams, J. S., Beken, J. A., Combs, J. P., & Slate, J. R. (2010). Graduation and attendance rates of at-risk students at traditional and academic alternative high schools: A two-year statewide study. International Journal of Education Leadership Preparation, 5(2). Retrieved from http://ijelp.expressacademic.org/article.php?autoID=368&issueID=74
  • In their study, Williams, Beken, Combs, and Slate (2010) have four research questions in which they analyzed for differences between groups. After determining that their data were not normally distributed, they then conducted several nonparametric independent samples t-tests. In this study, Williams et al. (2010) reported their statistical results in a manner compliant with APA, as well as provide APA compliant tables.
  • 2. Clark, D., Slate, J. R., & Viglietti, G. C. (2009). Children’s weight and academic performance in elementary school: Cause for concern? Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy (ASAP), 9(1), 185-204. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-2415.2009.01186.x Available online at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122665434/abstract
  • In this study, Clark, Slate, and Viglietti (2009) report the results of several nonparametric independent samples t-tests. After documenting that their data were not normally distributed, they conducted Mann-Whitney U statistical procedures. In accordance with APA 6th edition, they provided effect size estimates for their statistically significant results.

Nonparametric Dependent Samples t-test:

For writeups of nonparametric Wilcoxon’s dependent samples t-test (i.e., Wilcoxon signed-ranks test), please see:

  • 1. Moore, G. W., & Slate, J. R. (2008). Who’s in the Advanced Placement courses and how are they doing? A two-year statewide study. The High School Journal, 92(1), 55-67. doi:10.1353/hsj.0.0013
  • In this study, the second and third research questions involved determining the extent to which statistically significant differences were present between groups. After calculating measures of normality (i.e., skewness and kurtosis), Moore and Slate (2008) determined that their data were not normally distributed and, as a result, used nonparametric independent samples t-tests to address their second and third research questions.

Parametric Analysis of Variance:

For writeups of parametric ANOVA, please see:

  • 1. Schulte, D. P., & Slate, J. R. (2011). Charter schools: Instructional expenditures and college-readiness. International Journal of Educational Leadership Preparation, 5(2). Available online at http://ijelp.expressacademic.org/article.php?autoID=361&issueID=74
  • In this study, Schulte and Slate (2011) had three research questions in which ANOVAs, of measures of differences, were calculated. They indicated that they had checked for normality of their data. Statistical significant results were described in adherence with APA 6th edition. Moreover, effect sizes were present.
  • 2. Garcia, C., Slate, J. R., & Delgado, C. (2009). Salary and ranking and teacher turnover: A statewide study. International Journal of Education Policy and Leadership, 4(7). Retrieved from http://journals.sfu.ca/ijepl/index.php/ijepl/article/view/114/76
  • In this study, Garcia, Slate, and Delgado (2009) report the results of three ANOVAs they calculated to determine whether statistically significant differences in teacher turnover were present as a function of school accountability rating. Effect sizes and tables in which descriptive statistics for the groups were present.

Nonparametric Analysis of Variance:

For writeups of nonparametric ANOVA (i.e., Kruskal-Wallis), please see:

  • 1. Clark, D., Slate, J. R., & Viglietti, G. C. (2009). Children’s weight and academic performance in elementary school: Cause for concern? Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy (ASAP), 9(1), 185-204. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-2415.2009.01186.x Available online at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122665434/abstract
  • In this study, Clark, Slate, and Viglietti (2009) report the results of nine nonparametric ANOVAs. After demonstrating that their data were not normally distributed, they conducted Kruskal-Wallis statistical procedures. In accordance with APA 6th edition, they provided effect size estimates for their statistically significant results.

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Lens makers point to materials (modules and collections), creating a guide that includes their own comments and descriptive tags about the content.

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What are tags? tag icon

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| A lens I own (?)

Definition of a lens

Lenses

A lens is a custom view of the content in the repository. You can think of it as a fancy kind of list that will let you see content through the eyes of organizations and people you trust.

What is in a lens?

Lens makers point to materials (modules and collections), creating a guide that includes their own comments and descriptive tags about the content.

Who can create a lens?

Any individual member, a community, or a respected organization.

What are tags? tag icon

Tags are descriptors added by lens makers to help label content, attaching a vocabulary that is meaningful in the context of the lens.

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