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Die skryf van chemiese formules

Die formules van kovalente verbindings

Om die formules van kovalente verbindings te bepaal, moet ons die valensie van die atome in die verbinding gebruik. Die valensie dui aan hoeveel bindings elke atoom kan vorm. Dit help ons om uit te werk hoeveel atome van elke element in die verbinding voorkom, en daarvan kan die formule van die verbinding dan bepaal word. Hier is 'n paar voorbeelde waar die begenoemde inligting gebruik word om die chemiese formule van 'n verbinding te bepaal.

Oefening 1: Formules van kovalente verbindings

Skryf die chemiese formule vir water

[ Show Solution ]

Oefening 2: Formules van kovalente verbindings

Skryf die chemiese formule vir magnesiumoksied

[ Show Solution ]

Oefening 3: Formules van kovalente verbindings

Skryf die chemiese formule vir koper(II)chloried.

[ Show Solution ]

Die formules van ioniese verbindings

Die totale lading van 'n ioniese verbinding sal altyd nul wees. Die positiewe lading en die negatiewe lading sal dus dieselfde grootte wees. Ons kan hierdie inligting gebruik om die chemiese formula van ioniese verbindings uit te werk, solank ons weet wat die lading op elkeen van die ione is. In NaCl se geval, byvoorbeeld, is dit lading op natrium +1 en die lading op die chloor is -1. Die ladings balanseer (+1 -1 = 0) en die ioniese verbinding is dus neutraal. In MgO is magnesium se lading +2 en suurstof se lading is -2. Die lading balanseer weer en die verbinding is neutraal. Positiewe ione word katione genoem en negatiewe ione word anione genoem.

Sommige ione bestaan uit groepe atome; hierdie ione word saamgestelde ione genoem. Dit is 'n goeie idee om die algemene saamgestelde ione, wat in tabel 1 gewys word, te leer.

Tabel 1: Tabel met algemene saamgestel ione en hulle formules
Naam van saamgestelde ioon formule
Karbonaat CO3322--
Sulfaat SO4422--
Hidroksied OH--
Ammonium NH44++
Nitraat NO33--
Waterstofkarbonaat HCO33--
Fosfaat PO443-3-
Chloraat ClO33--
Sianied CN--
Chromaat CrO442-2-
Permanganaat MnO44--

By ioniese verbindings is die valensie van 'n ioon dieselfde as die ioon se lading. (Let op: valensie word altyd as 'n positiewe getal uitgedruk, bv. die valensie van die chloriedioon is 1 en nie -1 nie). Aangesien 'n ioniese verbinding altyd neutraal is, moet die positiewe ladings in die verbinding balanseer met die negatiewe ladings. Hier volg 'n paar voorbeelde:

Exercise 4: Formules van ioniese verbindings

Skryf die chemiese formule vir kaliumjodied

[ Show Solution ]

Oefening 5: Formules van ioniese verbindings

Skryf die chemiese formule vir natriumsulfaat.

[ Show Solution ]

Oefening 6: Formules van ioniese verbindings

Skryf die chemiese formule vir kalsiumhidroksied.

[ Show Solution ]

Chemiese formules

  1. Skryf die onderstaande tabel oor en voltooi:
    Tabel 2
    VerbindingKatioonAnioonFormule
     Na++Cl-- 
    kaliumbromied Br-- 
     NH4+4+Cl-- 
    kaliumchromaat   
       PbI
    kaliumpermanganaat   
    kalsiumfosfaat   
  2. Skryf die chemiese formule vir elkeen van die volgende verbindings:
    1. waterstofsianied
    2. koolstofdioksied
    3. natriumkarbonaat
    4. ammoniumhidroksied
    5. bariumsulfaat

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