Match each of the buffers (1-4)with its characteristics as a buffer system to minimize pH changes (A-D) below:
- Bicarbonate-Carbonic acid
- Hemoglobin
- Phosphate
- Proteins
- H+ ions react with bicarbonate
- Charged amino acids bind excess H+ ions
- H+ ions react with HPO4-2
- Bind either CO2 and H+ ions
Table 1
| 5. Which of the following statements BEST describes the concept of acid-base balance (homeostasis)? |
| A. |
Acid/base produced and absorbed < acid/base excreted and expired |
| B. |
Acid/base produced and absorbed > acid/base excreted and expired |
| C. |
Acid/base produced and absorbed = acid/base excreted and expired |
| D. |
There is not acid/base produced and absorbed in the human body |
| E. |
There is not acid/base excreted and expired in the human body |
Table 2
| 6. Which of the following is the LEAST LIKELY property of water? |
| A. |
Water is an ideal solvent since it helps maintain a constant distribution throughout the body. |
| B. |
Facilitates the dissociation and movement of molecules between body compartments. |
| C. |
Can serve as a reagent and provides a constant environment for the cells since it dissipates heat. |
| D. |
The polar nature of water facilitates the formation of its partial charges, hydrogen bonds and hydrated shells with other polar molecules. |
| E. |
Water is static in each of the compartments and this does not contributes to the total concentration of electrolytes in any of the compartments. |
Table 3
| 7. Which of the following excreted molecules would MOST LIKELY make the pH of urine basic? |
| A. |
Bicarbonate |
| B. |
Carbonic acid |
| C. |
Non-volatile acids |
| D. |
Carbon dioxide |
| E. |
Citrate |
Table 4
| 8. When excess amount of water is retained in the body as a result of lack of urination, water has moved from plasma into the interstitial fluid. To which compartment will the water move next to correct this problem? |
| A. |
Intracellular Fluid |
| B. |
Intravascular Fluid |
| C. |
Interstitial Fluid |
| D. |
Transcellular Fluid |
| E. |
No Compartment |
Table 5
| 9. When excess amount of water is excreted in urine, which is the first compartment to replace the water lost in the plasma? |
| A. |
Intracellular Fluid |
| B. |
Interstitial Fluid |
| C. |
Transcellular Fluid |
| D. |
Intravascular Fluid |
| E. |
No compartment |
Table 6
| 10. Which of the following MOST LIKELY excretes volatile acids in the form of carbon dioxide? |
| A. |
Kidneys |
| B. |
Proteins |
| C. |
Phosphate |
| D. |
Ammonia - Ammonium |
| E. |
Lungs |
Table 7
| 11. Which of the following acids is MOST LIKELY to be converted into a volatile acid? |
| A. |
Hydrochloric acid |
| B. |
Carbonic Acid |
| C. |
Sulfuric Acid |
| D. |
Dihydrogen Phosphate |
| E. |
Ammonium Ion |
Table 8
| 12. Which of the following is the LEAST LIKELY to be a component of extracellular fluid? |
| A. |
Interstitial fluid |
| B. |
Transcellular fluid |
| C. |
Intravascular fluid |
| D. |
Intracellular fluid |
| E. |
Plasma |
Table 9
| 13. Which of the following effects MOST likely results from increased alveolar ventilation? |
| A. |
Higher concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) |
| B. |
Lower concentration of carbon dioxide |
| C. |
Higher concentration of H+ ions |
| D. |
Decreases pH of the extracellular fluid (ECF) |
| E. |
Higher concentration of carbonic acid (H2CO3) |
Table 10
| 14. What is the MOST LIKELY result of high levels of potassium inside the tubular cells? |
| A. |
Potassium is reabsorbed into circulation to keep the pH of body fluids constant. |
| B. |
Cells utilize potassium for fuel and prevent acid formation. |
| C. |
Reabsorption of hydrogen ions into circulation increases the acidity of body fluids. |
| D. |
Excreting potassium ions increases the acidity of urine and decreases the acidity of body fluids. |
| E. |
Potassium remains inside the tubular cells in order to excrete hydrogen ions. |
Table 11
| 15. Which of the following buffers MOST LIKELY excretes non-volatile acids as NaH2PO4? |
| A. |
Bicarbonate - Carbonic Acid |
| B. |
Ammonia- Ammonium |
| C. |
Phosphate |
| D. |
Citrate |
| E. |
Urate |
