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Calculus Volume 3

5.1 Double Integrals over Rectangular Regions

Calculus Volume 35.1 Double Integrals over Rectangular Regions

Learning Objectives

  • 5.1.1 Recognize when a function of two variables is integrable over a rectangular region.
  • 5.1.2 Recognize and use some of the properties of double integrals.
  • 5.1.3 Evaluate a double integral over a rectangular region by writing it as an iterated integral.
  • 5.1.4 Use a double integral to calculate the area of a region, volume under a surface, or average value of a function over a plane region.

In this section we investigate double integrals and show how we can use them to find the volume of a solid over a rectangular region in the xyxy-plane. Many of the properties of double integrals are similar to those we have already discussed for single integrals.

Volumes and Double Integrals

We begin by considering the space above a rectangular region R. Consider a continuous function f(x,y)0f(x,y)0 of two variables defined on the closed rectangle R:

R=[a,b]×[c,d]={(x,y)2|axb,cyd}R=[a,b]×[c,d]={(x,y)2|axb,cyd}

Here [a,b]×[c,d][a,b]×[c,d] denotes the Cartesian product of the two closed intervals [a,b][a,b] and [c,d].[c,d]. It consists of rectangular pairs (x,y)(x,y) such that axbaxb and cyd.cyd. The graph of ff represents a surface above the xyxy-plane with equation z=f(x,y)z=f(x,y) where zz is the height of the surface at the point (x,y).(x,y). Let SS be the solid that lies above RR and under the graph of ff (Figure 5.2). The base of the solid is the rectangle RR in the xyxy-plane. We want to find the volume VV of the solid S.S.

In xyz space, there is a surface z = f(x, y). On the x axis, the lines denoting a and b are drawn; on the y axis the lines for c and d are drawn. When the surface is projected onto the xy plane, it forms a rectangle with corners (a, c), (a, d), (b, c), and (b, d).
Figure 5.2 The graph of f(x,y)f(x,y) over the rectangle RR in the xyxy-plane is a curved surface.

We divide the region RR into small rectangles Rij,Rij, each with area ΔAΔA and with sides ΔxΔx and ΔyΔy (Figure 5.3). We do this by dividing the interval [a,b][a,b] into mm subintervals and dividing the interval [c,d][c,d] into nn subintervals. Hence Δx=bam,Δx=bam, Δy=dcn,Δy=dcn, and ΔA=ΔxΔy.ΔA=ΔxΔy.

In the xy plane, there is a rectangle with corners (a, c), (a, d), (b, c), and (b, d). Between a and b on the x axis lines are drawn from a, x1, x2, …, xi, …, b with distance Delta x between each line; between c and d on the y axis lines are drawn from c, y1, y2, …, yj, …, d with distance Delta y between each line. Among the resulting subrectangles, the one in the second column and third row up has a point marked (x*23, y*23). The rectangle Rij is marked with upper right corner (xi, yj). Within this rectangle the point (x*ij, y*ij) is marked.
Figure 5.3 Rectangle RR is divided into small rectangles Rij,Rij, each with area ΔA.ΔA.

The volume of a thin rectangular box above RijRij is f(xij*,yij*)ΔA,f(xij*,yij*)ΔA, where (xij*,yij*)(xij*,yij*) is an arbitrary sample point in each RijRij as shown in the following figure.

In xyz space, there is a surface z = f(x, y). On the x axis, the lines denoting a and b are drawn; on the y axis the lines for c and d are drawn. When the surface is projected onto the xy plane, it forms a rectangle with corners (a, c), (a, d), (b, c), and (b, d). There are additional squares drawn to correspond to changes of Delta x and Delta y. On the surface, a square is marked and its projection onto the plane is marked as Rij. The average value for this small square is f(x*ij, y*ij).
Figure 5.4 A thin rectangular box above RijRij with height f(xij*,yij*).f(xij*,yij*).

Using the same idea for all the subrectangles, we obtain an approximate volume of the solid SS as Vi=1mj=1nf(xij*,yij*)ΔA.Vi=1mj=1nf(xij*,yij*)ΔA. This sum is known as a double Riemann sum and can be used to approximate the value of the volume of the solid. Here the double sum means that for each subrectangle we evaluate the function at the chosen point, multiply by the area of each rectangle, and then add all the results.

As we have seen in the single-variable case, we obtain a better approximation to the actual volume if m and n become larger.

V=limm,ni=1mj=1nf(xij*,yij*)ΔAorV=limΔx,Δy0i=1mj=1nf(xij*,yij*)ΔA.V=limm,ni=1mj=1nf(xij*,yij*)ΔAorV=limΔx,Δy0i=1mj=1nf(xij*,yij*)ΔA.

Note that the sum approaches a limit in either case and the limit is the volume of the solid with the base R. Now we are ready to define the double integral.

Definition

The double integral of the function f(x,y)f(x,y) over the rectangular region RR in the xyxy-plane is defined as

Rf(x,y)dA=limm,ni=1mj=1nf(xi*,yj*)ΔA.Rf(x,y)dA=limm,ni=1mj=1nf(xi*,yj*)ΔA.
(5.1)

If f(x,y)0,f(x,y)0, then the volume V of the solid S, which lies above RR in the xyxy-plane and under the graph of f, is the double integral of the function f(x,y)f(x,y) over the rectangle R.R. If the function is ever negative, then the double integral can be considered a “signed” volume in a manner similar to the way we defined net signed area in The Definite Integral.

Example 5.1

Setting up a Double Integral and Approximating It by Double Sums

Consider the function z=f(x,y)=3x2yz=f(x,y)=3x2y over the rectangular region R=[0,2]×[0,2]R=[0,2]×[0,2] (Figure 5.5).

  1. Set up a double integral for finding the value of the signed volume of the solid S that lies above RR and “under” the graph of f.f.
  2. Divide R into four squares with m=n=2,m=n=2, and choose the sample point as the upper right corner point of each square (1,1),(2,1),(1,2),(1,1),(2,1),(1,2), and (2,2)(2,2) (Figure 5.6) to approximate the signed volume of the solid S that lies above RR and “under” the graph of f.f.
  3. Divide R into four squares with m=n=2,m=n=2, and choose the sample point as the midpoint of each square: (1/2,1/2),(3/2,1/2),(1/2,3/2),and(3/2,3/2)(1/2,1/2),(3/2,1/2),(1/2,3/2),and(3/2,3/2) to approximate the signed volume.
    In xyz space, there is a surface z = f(x, y) = 3x2 minus y. The corners of the surface are given as (0, 0, 0), (2, 0, 12), (0, 2, negative 2), and (2, 2, 10). The surface is parabolic along the x axis.
    Figure 5.5 The function z=f(x,y)z=f(x,y) graphed over the rectangular region R=[0,2]×[0,2].R=[0,2]×[0,2].

Analysis

Notice that the approximate answers differ due to the choices of the sample points. In either case, we are introducing some error because we are using only a few sample points. Thus, we need to investigate how we can achieve an accurate answer.

Checkpoint 5.1

Use the same function z=f(x,y)=3x2yz=f(x,y)=3x2y over the rectangular region R=[0,2]×[0,2].R=[0,2]×[0,2].

Divide R into the same four squares with m=n=2,m=n=2, and choose the sample points as the upper left corner point of each square (0,1),(1,1),(0,2),(0,1),(1,1),(0,2), and (1,2)(1,2) (Figure 5.6) to approximate the signed volume of the solid S that lies above RR and “under” the graph of f.f.

Note that we developed the concept of double integral using a rectangular region R. This concept can be extended to any general region. However, when a region is not rectangular, the subrectangles may not all fit perfectly into R, particularly if the base area is curved. We examine this situation in more detail in the next section, where we study regions that are not always rectangular and subrectangles may not fit perfectly in the region R. Also, the heights may not be exact if the surface z=f(x,y)z=f(x,y) is curved. However, the errors on the sides and the height where the pieces may not fit perfectly within the solid S approach 0 as m and n approach infinity. Also, the double integral of the function z=f(x,y)z=f(x,y) exists provided that the function ff is not too discontinuous. If the function is bounded and continuous over R except on a finite number of smooth curves, then the double integral exists and we say that ff is integrable over R.

Since ΔA=ΔxΔy=ΔyΔx,ΔA=ΔxΔy=ΔyΔx, we can express dAdA as dxdydxdy or dydx.dydx. This means that, when we are using rectangular coordinates, the double integral over a region RR denoted by Rf(x,y)dARf(x,y)dA can be written as Rf(x,y)dxdyRf(x,y)dxdy or Rf(x,y)dydx.Rf(x,y)dydx.

Now let’s list some of the properties that can be helpful to compute double integrals.

Properties of Double Integrals

The properties of double integrals are very helpful when computing them or otherwise working with them. We list here six properties of double integrals. Properties 1 and 2 are referred to as the linearity of the integral, property 3 is the additivity of the integral, property 4 is the monotonicity of the integral, and property 5 is used to find the bounds of the integral. Property 6 is used if f(x,y)f(x,y) is a product of two functions g(x)g(x) and h(y).h(y).

Theorem 5.1

Properties of Double Integrals

Assume that the functions f(x,y)f(x,y) and g(x,y)g(x,y) are integrable over the rectangular region R; S and T are subregions of R; and assume that m and M are real numbers.

  1. The sum f(x,y)+g(x,y)f(x,y)+g(x,y) is integrable and
    R[f(x,y)+g(x,y)]dA=Rf(x,y)dA+Rg(x,y)dA.R[f(x,y)+g(x,y)]dA=Rf(x,y)dA+Rg(x,y)dA.
  2. If c is a constant, then cf(x,y)cf(x,y) is integrable and
    Rcf(x,y)dA=cRf(x,y)dA.Rcf(x,y)dA=cRf(x,y)dA.
  3. If R=STR=ST and ST=ST= except an overlap on the boundaries, then
    Rf(x,y)dA=Sf(x,y)dA+Tf(x,y)dA.Rf(x,y)dA=Sf(x,y)dA+Tf(x,y)dA.
  4. If f(x,y)g(x,y)f(x,y)g(x,y) for (x,y)(x,y) in R,R, then
    Rf(x,y)dARg(x,y)dA.Rf(x,y)dARg(x,y)dA.
  5. If mf(x,y)M,mf(x,y)M, then
    m×A(R)Rf(x,y)dAM×A(R).m×A(R)Rf(x,y)dAM×A(R).
  6. In the case where f(x,y)f(x,y) can be factored as a product of a function g(x)g(x) of xx only and a function h(y)h(y) of yy only, then over the region R={(x,y)|axb,cyd},R={(x,y)|axb,cyd}, the double integral can be written as
    Rf(x,y)dA=(abg(x)dx)(cdh(y)dy).Rf(x,y)dA=(abg(x)dx)(cdh(y)dy).

These properties are used in the evaluation of double integrals, as we will see later. We will become skilled in using these properties once we become familiar with the computational tools of double integrals. So let’s get to that now.

Iterated Integrals

So far, we have seen how to set up a double integral and how to obtain an approximate value for it. We can also imagine that evaluating double integrals by using the definition can be a very lengthy process if we choose larger values for mm and n.n. Therefore, we need a practical and convenient technique for computing double integrals. In other words, we need to learn how to compute double integrals without employing the definition that uses limits and double sums.

The basic idea is that the evaluation becomes easier if we can break a double integral into single integrals by integrating first with respect to one variable and then with respect to the other. The key tool we need is called an iterated integral.

Definition

Assume a,b,c,a,b,c, and dd are real numbers. We define an iterated integral for a function f(x,y)f(x,y) over the rectangular region RR =[a,b]×[c,d]=[a,b]×[c,d] as


  1. abcdf(x,y)dydx=ab[cdf(x,y)dy]dxabcdf(x,y)dydx=ab[cdf(x,y)dy]dx
    (5.2)

  2. cdabf(x,y)dxdy=cd[abf(x,y)dx]dy.cdabf(x,y)dxdy=cd[abf(x,y)dx]dy.
    (5.3)

The notation ab[cdf(x,y)dy]dxab[cdf(x,y)dy]dx means that we integrate f(x,y)f(x,y) with respect to y while holding x constant. Similarly, the notation cd[abf(x,y)dx]dycd[abf(x,y)dx]dy means that we integrate f(x,y)f(x,y) with respect to x while holding y constant. The fact that double integrals can be split into iterated integrals is expressed in Fubini’s theorem. Think of this theorem as an essential tool for evaluating double integrals.

Theorem 5.2

Fubini’s Theorem

Suppose that f(x,y)f(x,y) is a function of two variables that is continuous over a rectangular region R={(x,y)2|axb,cyd}.R={(x,y)2|axb,cyd}. Then we see from Figure 5.7 that the double integral of ff over the region equals an iterated integral,

Rf(x,y)dA=Rf(x,y)dxdy=abcdf(x,y)dydx=cdabf(x,y)dxdy.Rf(x,y)dA=Rf(x,y)dxdy=abcdf(x,y)dydx=cdabf(x,y)dxdy.

More generally, Fubini’s theorem is true if ff is bounded on RR and ff is discontinuous only on a finite number of continuous curves. In other words, ff has to be integrable over R.R.

This figure consists of two figures marked a and b. In figure a, in xyz space, a surface is shown that is given by the function f(x, y). A point x is chosen on the x axis, and at this point, it it written fix x. From this point, a plane is projected perpendicular to the xy plane along the line with value x. This plane is marked Area A(x), and the entire space under the surface is marked V. Similarly, in figure b, in xyz space, a surface is shown that is given by the function f(x, y). A point y is chosen on the y axis, and at this point, it it written fix y. From this point, a plane is projected perpendicular to the xy plane along the line with value y. This plane is marked Area A(y), and the entire space under the surface is marked V.
Figure 5.7 (a) Integrating first with respect to yy and then with respect to xx to find the area A(x)A(x) and then the volume V; (b) integrating first with respect to xx and then with respect to yy to find the area A(y)A(y) and then the volume V.

Example 5.2

Using Fubini’s Theorem

Use Fubini’s theorem to compute the double integral Rf(x,y)dARf(x,y)dA where f(x,y)=xf(x,y)=x and R=[0,2]×[0,1].R=[0,2]×[0,1].

The double integration in this example is simple enough to use Fubini’s theorem directly, allowing us to convert a double integral into an iterated integral. Consequently, we are now ready to convert all double integrals to iterated integrals and demonstrate how the properties listed earlier can help us evaluate double integrals when the function f(x,y)f(x,y) is more complex. Note that the order of integration can be changed (see Example 5.7).

Example 5.3

Illustrating Properties i and ii

Evaluate the double integral R(xy3xy2)dAR(xy3xy2)dA where R={(x,y)|0x2,1y2}.R={(x,y)|0x2,1y2}.

Example 5.4

Illustrating Property v.

Over the region R={(x,y)|1x3,1y2},R={(x,y)|1x3,1y2}, we have 2x2+y213.2x2+y213. Find a lower and an upper bound for the integral R(x2+y2)dA.R(x2+y2)dA.

Example 5.5

Illustrating Property vi

Evaluate the integral ReycosxdAReycosxdA over the region R={(x,y)|0xπ2,0y1}.R={(x,y)|0xπ2,0y1}.

Checkpoint 5.2

  1. Use the properties of the double integral and Fubini’s theorem to evaluate the integral
    01−13(3x+4y)dydx.01−13(3x+4y)dydx.
  2. Show that 0RsinπxcosπydA1320RsinπxcosπydA132 where R=0,14×14,12.R=0,14×14,12.

As we mentioned before, when we are using rectangular coordinates, the double integral over a region RR denoted by Rf(x,y)dARf(x,y)dA can be written as Rf(x,y)dxdyRf(x,y)dxdy or Rf(x,y)dydx.Rf(x,y)dydx. The next example shows that the results are the same regardless of which order of integration we choose.

Example 5.6

Evaluating an Iterated Integral in Two Ways

Let’s return to the function f(x,y)=3x2yf(x,y)=3x2y from Example 5.1, this time over the rectangular region R=[0,2]×[0,3].R=[0,2]×[0,3]. Use Fubini’s theorem to evaluate Rf(x,y)dARf(x,y)dA in two different ways:

  1. First integrate with respect to y and then with respect to x;
  2. First integrate with respect to x and then with respect to y.

Analysis

With either order of integration, the double integral gives us an answer of 15. We might wish to interpret this answer as a volume in cubic units of the solid SS below the function f(x,y)=3x2yf(x,y)=3x2y over the region R=[0,2]×[0,3].R=[0,2]×[0,3]. However, remember that the interpretation of a double integral as a (non-signed) volume works only when the integrand ff is a nonnegative function over the base region R.R.

Checkpoint 5.3

Evaluate y=−3y=2x=3x=5(23x2+y2)dxdy.y=−3y=2x=3x=5(23x2+y2)dxdy.

In the next example we see that it can actually be beneficial to switch the order of integration to make the computation easier. We will come back to this idea several times in this chapter.

Example 5.7

Switching the Order of Integration

Consider the double integral Rxsin(xy)dARxsin(xy)dA over the region R={(x,y)|0xπ,0y2}R={(x,y)|0xπ,0y2} (Figure 5.8).

  1. Express the double integral in two different ways.
  2. Analyze whether evaluating the double integral in one way is easier than the other and why.
  3. Evaluate the integral.
    The function z = f(x, y) = x sin(xy) is shown, which starts with z = 0 along the x axis. Then, the function increases roughly as a normal sin function would, but then skews a bit and decreases as x increases after pi/2.
    Figure 5.8 The function z=f(x,y)=xsin(xy)z=f(x,y)=xsin(xy) over the rectangular region R=[0,π]×[0,2].R=[0,π]×[0,2].

Checkpoint 5.4

Evaluate the integral RxexydARxexydA where R=[0,1]×[0,ln5].R=[0,1]×[0,ln5].

Applications of Double Integrals

Double integrals are very useful for finding the area of a region bounded by curves of functions. We describe this situation in more detail in the next section. However, if the region is a rectangular shape, we can find its area by integrating the constant function f(x,y)=1f(x,y)=1 over the region R.R.

Definition

The area of the region RR is given by A(R)=R1dA.A(R)=R1dA.

This definition makes sense because using f(x,y)=1f(x,y)=1 and evaluating the integral make it a product of length and width. Let’s check this formula with an example and see how this works.

Example 5.8

Finding Area Using a Double Integral

Find the area of the region R={(x,y)|0x3,0y2}R={(x,y)|0x3,0y2} by using a double integral, that is, by integrating 1 over the region R.R.

We have already seen how double integrals can be used to find the volume of a solid bounded above by a function f(x,y)f(x,y) over a region RR provided f(x,y)0f(x,y)0 for all (x,y)(x,y) in R.R. Here is another example to illustrate this concept.

Example 5.9

Volume of an Elliptic Paraboloid

Find the volume VV of the solid SS that is bounded by the elliptic paraboloid 2x2+y2+z=27,2x2+y2+z=27, the planes x=3x=3 and y=3,y=3, and the three coordinate planes.

Checkpoint 5.5

Find the volume of the solid bounded above by the graph of f(x,y)=xysin(x2y)f(x,y)=xysin(x2y) and below by the xyxy-plane on the rectangular region R=[0,1]×[0,π].R=[0,1]×[0,π].

Recall that we defined the average value of a function of one variable on an interval [a,b][a,b] as

fave=1baabf(x)dx.fave=1baabf(x)dx.

Similarly, we can define the average value of a function of two variables over a region R. The main difference is that we divide by an area instead of the width of an interval.

Definition

The average value of a function of two variables over a region RR is

fave=1AreaRRf(x,y)dA.fave=1AreaRRf(x,y)dA.
(5.4)

In the next example we find the average value of a function over a rectangular region. This is a good example of obtaining useful information for an integration by making individual measurements over a grid, instead of trying to find an algebraic expression for a function.

Example 5.10

Calculating Average Storm Rainfall

The weather map in Figure 5.10 shows an unusually moist storm system associated with the remnants of Hurricane Karl, which dumped 4–8 inches (100–200 mm) of rain in some parts of the Midwest on September 22–23, 2010. The area of rainfall measured 300 miles east to west and 250 miles north to south. Estimate the average rainfall over the entire area in those two days.

A map of Wisconsin and Minnesota that shows many cities with numbers affixed to them. The highest numbers come in a narrow band, and the map is colored accordingly. The map effectively looks like a contour map, but instead of elevations, it uses these numbers.
Figure 5.10 Effects of Hurricane Karl, which dumped 4–8 inches (100–200 mm) of rain in some parts of southwest Wisconsin, southern Minnesota, and southeast South Dakota over a span of 300 miles east to west and 250 miles north to south.

Checkpoint 5.6

A contour map is shown for a function f(x,y)f(x,y) on the rectangle R=[−3,6]×[−1,4].R=[−3,6]×[−1,4].

A contour map is shown with the highest point being about 18 and centered near (4, negative 1). From this point, the values decrease to 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, and 6 roughly every 0.5 to 1 distance. The lowest point is negative four near (negative 3, 4). There is a local minimum of 2 near (negative 1, 0).
  1. Use the midpoint rule with m=3m=3 and n=2n=2 to estimate the value of Rf(x,y)dA.Rf(x,y)dA.
  2. Estimate the average value of the function f(x,y).f(x,y).

Section 5.1 Exercises

In the following exercises, use the midpoint rule with m=4m=4 and n=2n=2 to estimate the volume of the solid bounded by the surface z=f(x,y),z=f(x,y), the vertical planes x=1,x=1, x=2,x=2, y=1,y=1, and y=2,y=2, and the horizontal plane z=0.z=0.

1.

f ( x , y ) = 4 x + 2 y + 8 x y f ( x , y ) = 4 x + 2 y + 8 x y

2.

f ( x , y ) = 16 x 2 + y 2 f ( x , y ) = 16 x 2 + y 2

In the following exercises, estimate Rfx,ydARfx,ydA by using a Riemann sum with m=n=2m=n=2 and the sample points to be the lower left corners of the subrectangles of the partition.

3.

f(x,y)=sinxcosy,f(x,y)=sinxcosy, R=[0,π]×[0,π]R=[0,π]×[0,π]

4.

f(x,y)=cosx+cosy,f(x,y)=cosx+cosy, R=[0,π]×[0,π2]R=[0,π]×[0,π2]

5.

Use the midpoint rule with m=n=2m=n=2 to estimate Rf(x,y)dA,Rf(x,y)dA, where the values of the function f on R=[8,10]×[9,11]R=[8,10]×[9,11] are given in the following table.

y
x 9 9.5 10 10.5 11
8 9.8 5 6.7 5 5.6
8.5 9.4 4.5 8 5.4 3.4
9 8.7 4.6 6 5.5 3.4
9.5 6.7 6 4.5 5.4 6.7
10 6.8 6.4 5.5 5.7 6.8
6.

The values of the function f on the rectangle R=[0,2]×[7,9]R=[0,2]×[7,9] are given in the following table. Estimate the double integral Rf(x,y)dARf(x,y)dA by using a Riemann sum with m=n=2.m=n=2. Select the sample points to be the upper right corners of the subsquares of R.

y0=7y0=7 y1=8y1=8 y2=9y2=9
x0=0x0=0 10.22 10.21 9.85
x1=1x1=1 6.73 9.75 9.63
x2=2x2=2 5.62 7.83 8.21
7.

The depth of a children’s 4-ft by 4-ft swimming pool, measured at 1-ft intervals, is given in the following table.

  1. Estimate the volume of water in the swimming pool by using a Riemann sum with m=n=2.m=n=2. Select the sample points using the midpoint rule on R=[0,4]×[0,4].R=[0,4]×[0,4].
  2. Approximate the average depth of the swimming pool.
    y
    x 0 1 2 3 4
    0 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
    1 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
    2 1 1.5 1.5 2.5 3
    3 1 1 1.5 2 2.5
    4 1 1 1 1.5 2
8.

The depth of a 3-ft by 3-ft hole in the ground, measured at 1-ft intervals, is given in the following table.

  1. Estimate the volume of the hole by using a Riemann sum with m=n=3m=n=3 and the sample points to be the upper left corners of the subsquares of R.
  2. Approximate the average depth of the hole.
    y
    x 0 1 2 3
    0 6 6.5 6.4 6
    1 6.5 7 7.5 6.5
    2 6.5 6.7 6.5 6
    3 6 6.5 5 5.6
9.

The level curves f(x,y)=kf(x,y)=k of the function f are given in the following graph, where k is a constant.

  1. Apply the midpoint rule with m=n=2m=n=2 to estimate the double integral Rf(x,y)dA,Rf(x,y)dA, where R=[0.2,1]×[0,0.8].R=[0.2,1]×[0,0.8].
  2. Estimate the average value of the function f on R.
    A series of curves marked k = negative 1, negative ½, negative ¼, negative 1/8, 0, 1/8, ¼, ½, and 1. The line marked k = 0 serves as an asymptote along the line y = x. The lines originate at (along the y axis) 1, 0.7, 0.5, 0.38, 0, (along the x axis) 0.38, 0.5, 0.7, and 1, with the further out lines curving less dramatically toward the asymptote.
10.

The level curves f(x,y)=kf(x,y)=k of the function f are given in the following graph, where k is a constant.

  1. Apply the midpoint rule with m=n=2m=n=2 to estimate the double integral Rf(x,y)dA,Rf(x,y)dA, where R=[0.1,0.5]×[0.1,0.5].R=[0.1,0.5]×[0.1,0.5].
  2. Estimate the average value of the function f on R.
    A series of quarter circles drawn in the first quadrant marked k = 1/32, 1/16, 1/8, ¼, ½, ¾, and 1. The quarter circles have radii 0. 17, 0.25, 0.35, 0.5, 0.71, 0.87, and 1, respectively.
11.

The solid lying under the surface z=4y2z=4y2 and above the rectangular region R=[0,2]×[0,2]R=[0,2]×[0,2] is illustrated in the following graph. Evaluate the double integral Rf(x,y)dA,Rf(x,y)dA, where f(x,y)=4y2,f(x,y)=4y2, by finding the volume of the corresponding solid.

A quarter cylinder with center along the x axis and with radius 2. It has height 2 as shown.
12.

The solid lying under the plane z=y+4z=y+4 and above the rectangular region R=[0,2]×[0,4]R=[0,2]×[0,4] is illustrated in the following graph. Evaluate the double integral Rf(x,y)dA,Rf(x,y)dA, where f(x,y)=y+4,f(x,y)=y+4, by finding the volume of the corresponding solid.

In xyz space, a shape is created with sides given by y = 0, x = 0, y = 4, x = 2, z = 0, and the plane the runs from z = 4 along the y axis to z = 8 along the plane formed by y = 4.

In the following exercises, calculate the integrals by interchanging the order of integration.

13.

−1 1 ( −2 2 ( 2 x + 3 y + 5 ) d x ) d y −1 1 ( −2 2 ( 2 x + 3 y + 5 ) d x ) d y

14.

0 2 ( 0 1 ( x + 2 e y 3 ) d x ) d y 0 2 ( 0 1 ( x + 2 e y 3 ) d x ) d y

15.

1 27 ( 1 2 ( x 3 + y 3 ) d y ) d x 1 27 ( 1 2 ( x 3 + y 3 ) d y ) d x

16.

1 16 ( 1 8 ( x 4 + 2 y 3 ) d y ) d x 1 16 ( 1 8 ( x 4 + 2 y 3 ) d y ) d x

17.

ln 2 ln 3 ( 0 l e x + y d y ) d x ln 2 ln 3 ( 0 l e x + y d y ) d x

18.

0 2 ( 0 1 3 x + y d y ) d x 0 2 ( 0 1 3 x + y d y ) d x

19.

1 6 ( 2 9 y x 2 d y ) d x 1 6 ( 2 9 y x 2 d y ) d x

20.

1 9 ( 4 2 x y 2 d y ) d x 1 9 ( 4 2 x y 2 d y ) d x

In the following exercises, evaluate the iterated integrals by choosing the order of integration.

21.

0 π 0 π / 2 sin ( 2 x ) cos ( 3 y ) d x d y 0 π 0 π / 2 sin ( 2 x ) cos ( 3 y ) d x d y

22.

π / 12 π / 8 π / 4 π / 3 [ cot x + tan ( 2 y ) ] d x d y π / 12 π / 8 π / 4 π / 3 [ cot x + tan ( 2 y ) ] d x d y

23.

1 e 1 e [ 1 x sin ( ln x ) + 1 y cos ( ln y ) ] d x d y 1 e 1 e [ 1 x sin ( ln x ) + 1 y cos ( ln y ) ] d x d y

24.

1 e 1 e sin ( ln x ) cos ( ln y ) x y d x d y 1 e 1 e sin ( ln x ) cos ( ln y ) x y d x d y

25.

1 2 1 2 ( ln y x + x 2 y + 1 ) d y d x 1 2 1 2 ( ln y x + x 2 y + 1 ) d y d x

26.

1 e 1 2 x 2 ln ( x ) d y d x 1 e 1 2 x 2 ln ( x ) d y d x

27.

1 3 1 2 y arctan ( 1 x ) d y d x 1 3 1 2 y arctan ( 1 x ) d y d x

28.

0 1 0 1 / 2 ( arcsin x + arcsin y ) d y d x 0 1 0 1 / 2 ( arcsin x + arcsin y ) d y d x

29.

0 1 1 2 x e x + 4 y d y d x 0 1 1 2 x e x + 4 y d y d x

30.

1 2 0 1 x e x y d y d x 1 2 0 1 x e x y d y d x

31.

1 e 1 e ( ln y y + ln x x ) d y d x 1 e 1 e ( ln y y + ln x x ) d y d x

32.

1 e 1 e ( x ln y y + y ln x x ) d y d x 1 e 1 e ( x ln y y + y ln x x ) d y d x

33.

0 1 1 2 ( x x 2 + y 2 ) d y d x 0 1 1 2 ( x x 2 + y 2 ) d y d x

34.

0 1 1 2 y x + y 2 d y d x 0 1 1 2 y x + y 2 d y d x

In the following exercises, find the average value of the function over the given rectangles.

35.

f(x,y)=x+2y,f(x,y)=x+2y, R=[0,1]×[0,1]R=[0,1]×[0,1]

36.

f(x,y)=x4+2y3,f(x,y)=x4+2y3, R=[1,2]×[2,3]R=[1,2]×[2,3]

37.

f(x,y)=sinhx+sinhy,f(x,y)=sinhx+sinhy, R=[0,1]×[0,2]R=[0,1]×[0,2]

38.

f(x,y)=arctan(xy),f(x,y)=arctan(xy), R=[0,1]×[0,1]R=[0,1]×[0,1]

39.

Let f and g be two continuous functions such that 0m1f(x)M10m1f(x)M1 for any x[a,b]x[a,b] and 0m2g(y)M20m2g(y)M2 for any y[c,d].y[c,d]. Show that the following inequality is true:

m 1 m 2 ( b a ) ( d c ) a b c d f ( x ) g ( y ) d y d x M 1 M 2 ( b a ) ( d c ) . m 1 m 2 ( b a ) ( d c ) a b c d f ( x ) g ( y ) d y d x M 1 M 2 ( b a ) ( d c ) .

In the following exercises, use property v. of double integrals and the answer from the preceding exercise to show that the following inequalities are true.

40.

1e2Rex2y2dA1,1e2Rex2y2dA1, where R=[0,1]×[0,1]R=[0,1]×[0,1]

41.

π2144RsinxcosydAπ248,π2144RsinxcosydAπ248, where R=[π6,π3]×[π6,π3]R=[π6,π3]×[π6,π3]

42.

0ReycosxdAπ22,0ReycosxdAπ22, where R=[0,π2]×[0,π2]R=[0,π2]×[0,π2]

43.

0R(lnx)(lny)dA(e1)2,0R(lnx)(lny)dA(e1)2, where R=[1,e]×[1,e]R=[1,e]×[1,e]

44.

Let f and g be two continuous functions such that 0m1f(x)M10m1f(x)M1 for any x[a,b]x[a,b] and 0m2g(y)M20m2g(y)M2 for any y[c,d].y[c,d]. Show that the following inequality is true:

( m 1 + m 2 ) ( b a ) ( c d ) a b c d [ f ( x ) + g ( y ) ] d y d x ( M 1 + M 2 ) ( b a ) ( c d ) . ( m 1 + m 2 ) ( b a ) ( c d ) a b c d [ f ( x ) + g ( y ) ] d y d x ( M 1 + M 2 ) ( b a ) ( c d ) .

In the following exercises, use property v. of double integrals and the answer from the preceding exercise to show that the following inequalities are true.

45.

2eR(ex2+ey2)dA2,2eR(ex2+ey2)dA2, where R=[0,1]×[0,1]R=[0,1]×[0,1]

46.

π236R(sinx+cosy)dAπ2336,π236R(sinx+cosy)dAπ2336, where R=[π6,π3]×[π6,π3]R=[π6,π3]×[π6,π3]

47.

π24e-π2R(cosx+e-y)dAπ22,π24e-π2R(cosx+e-y)dAπ22, where R=[0,π2]×[0,π2]R=[0,π2]×[0,π2]

48.

0R(ln x+lny)dA2e-12,0R(ln x+lny)dA2e-12, where R=[1,e]×[1,e]R=[1,e]×[1,e]

In the following exercises, the function f is given in terms of double integrals.

  1. Determine the explicit form of the function f.
  2. Find the volume of the solid under the surface z=f(x,y)z=f(x,y) and above the region R.
  3. Find the average value of the function f on R.
  4. Use a computer algebra system (CAS) to plot z=f(x,y)z=f(x,y) and z=favez=fave in the same system of coordinates.
49.

[T] f(x,y)=0y0x(xs+yt)dsdt,f(x,y)=0y0x(xs+yt)dsdt, where (x,y)R=[0,1]×[0,1](x,y)R=[0,1]×[0,1]

50.

[T] f(x,y)=0x0y[cos(s)+cos(t)]dtds,f(x,y)=0x0y[cos(s)+cos(t)]dtds, where (x,y)R=[0,3]×[0,3](x,y)R=[0,3]×[0,3]

51.

Show that if f and g are continuous on [a,b][a,b] and [c,d],[c,d], respectively, then

a b c d [ f ( x ) + g ( y ) ] d y d x = ( d c ) a b f ( x ) d x a b c d [ f ( x ) + g ( y ) ] d y d x = ( d c ) a b f ( x ) d x

+ a b c d g ( y ) d y d x = ( b a ) c d g ( y ) d y + c d a b f ( x ) d x d y . + a b c d g ( y ) d y d x = ( b a ) c d g ( y ) d y + c d a b f ( x ) d x d y .

52.

Show that abcdyf(x)+xg(y)dydx=12(d2c2)(abf(x)dx)+12(b2a2)(cdg(y)dy).abcdyf(x)+xg(y)dydx=12(d2c2)(abf(x)dx)+12(b2a2)(cdg(y)dy).

53.

[T] Consider the function f(x,y)=ex2y2,f(x,y)=ex2y2, where (x,y)R=[−1,1]×[−1,1].(x,y)R=[−1,1]×[−1,1].

  1. Use the midpoint rule with m=n=2,4,…,10m=n=2,4,…,10 to estimate the double integral I=Rex2y2dA.I=Rex2y2dA. Round your answers to the nearest hundredths.
  2. For m=n=2,m=n=2, find the average value of f over the region R. Round your answer to the nearest hundredths.
  3. Use a CAS to graph in the same coordinate system the solid whose volume is given by Rex2y2dARex2y2dA and the plane z=fave.z=fave.
54.

[T] Consider the function f(x,y)=sin(x2)cos(y2),f(x,y)=sin(x2)cos(y2), where (x,y)R=[−1,1]×[−1,1].(x,y)R=[−1,1]×[−1,1].

  1. Use the midpoint rule with m=n=2,4,…,10m=n=2,4,…,10 to estimate the double integral I=Rsin(x2)cos(y2)dA.I=Rsin(x2)cos(y2)dA. Round your answers to the nearest hundredths.
  2. For m=n=2,m=n=2, find the average value of f over the region R. Round your answer to the nearest hundredths.
  3. Use a CAS to graph in the same coordinate system the solid whose volume is given by Rsin(x2)cos(y2)dARsin(x2)cos(y2)dA and the plane z=fave.z=fave.

In the following exercises, the functions fnfn are given, where n1n1 is a natural number.

  1. Find the volume of the solids SnSn under the surfaces z=fn(x,y)z=fn(x,y) and above the region R.
  2. Determine the limit of the volumes of the solids SnSn as n increases without bound.
55.

f n ( x , y ) = x n + y n + x y , ( x , y ) R = [ 0 , 1 ] × [ 0 , 1 ] f n ( x , y ) = x n + y n + x y , ( x , y ) R = [ 0 , 1 ] × [ 0 , 1 ]

56.

f n ( x , y ) = 1 x n + 1 y n , ( x , y ) R = [ 1 , 2 ] × [ 1 , 2 ] f n ( x , y ) = 1 x n + 1 y n , ( x , y ) R = [ 1 , 2 ] × [ 1 , 2 ]

57.

Show that the average value of a function f on a rectangular region R=[a,b]×[c,d]R=[a,b]×[c,d] is fave1mni=1mj=1nf(xij*,yij*),fave1mni=1mj=1nf(xij*,yij*), where (xij*,yij*)(xij*,yij*) are the sample points of the partition of R, where 1im1im and 1jn.1jn.

58.

Use the midpoint rule with m=nm=n to show that the average value of a function f on a rectangular region R=[a,b]×[c,d]R=[a,b]×[c,d] is approximated by

f ave 1 n 2 i , j = 1 n f ( 1 2 ( x i 1 + x i ) , 1 2 ( y j 1 + y j ) ) . f ave 1 n 2 i , j = 1 n f ( 1 2 ( x i 1 + x i ) , 1 2 ( y j 1 + y j ) ) .
59.

An isotherm map is a chart connecting points having the same temperature at a given time for a given period of time. Use the preceding exercise and apply the midpoint rule with m=n=2m=n=2 to find the average temperature over the region given in the following figure.

A contour map showing surface temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. Given the map, the midpoint rule would give rectangles with values 71, 72, 40, and 43.
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