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A
A horizon 31.2 The Soil
aboral madreporite 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
above-ground biomass 44.2 Biogeography
abyssal zone 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
acclimatization 33.3 Homeostasis
acid 2.2 Water
Actinopterygii 29.2 Fishes
action potential 35.2 How Neurons Communicate
active site 6.5 Enzymes
Active transport 5.3 Active Transport
adaptive evolution 19.3 Adaptive Evolution
Adaptive immunity 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
Addison’s disease 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
adenosine triphosphate 6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
adenylyl cyclase 37.2 How Hormones Work
adhesion 2.2 Water
adrenal cortex 37.5 Endocrine Glands
adrenal glands 37.5 Endocrine Glands
adrenal medulla 37.5 Endocrine Glands
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
adventitious roots 30.3 Roots
aerobic respiration 7.2 Glycolysis
affinities 42.3 Antibodies
Agnatha 29.1 Chordates
air sacs 29.5 Birds
algal bloom 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
alimentary canal 34.1 Digestive Systems
aliphatic hydrocarbons 2.3 Carbon
allantois 29.4 Reptiles
allele frequency 19.1 Population Evolution
Allopatric speciation 18.2 Formation of New Species
allosteric inhibition 6.5 Enzymes
alpha cells 37.5 Endocrine Glands
alteration 33.3 Homeostasis
alveolar ventilation 39.3 Breathing
Alzheimer’s disease 35.5 Nervous System Disorders
ambulacral (water vascular) system 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
amino acid-derived hormones 37.1 Types of Hormones
Amino acids 3.4 Proteins
aminoacyl tRNA synthetases 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
amnion 29.4 Reptiles
amniote embryo 29.4 Reptiles
amniotic egg 29.4 Reptiles
ampullae of Lorenzini 29.2 Fishes
anaerobic 7.2 Glycolysis
anaerobic cellular respiration 7.5 Metabolism without Oxygen
analytical model 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
Anatomical dead space 39.3 Breathing
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 41.5 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
anterior pituitary 37.5 Endocrine Glands
antheridium 25.1 Early Plant Life
Anthophyta 26.3 Angiosperms
antibiotic resistance 17.1 Biotechnology
antibody 42.3 Antibodies
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
antigen-presenting cell (APC) 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
aphotic zone 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
apical bud 30.2 Stems
Apical meristems 30.1 The Plant Body
Apocrine glands 29.6 Mammals
aposematic coloration 45.6 Community Ecology
appendicular skeleton 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
applied science 1.1 The Science of Biology
Appositional growth 38.2 Bone
aquatic biomes 44.3 Terrestrial Biomes
arboreal hypothesis 29.5 Birds
arbuscular mycorrhizae 24.2 Classifications of Fungi
archegonium 25.1 Early Plant Life
aromatic hydrocarbons 2.3 Carbon
Asexual reproduction 43.1 Reproduction Methods
assortative mating 19.2 Population Genetics
asymptomatic infection 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) 37.5 Endocrine Glands
atriopore 29.1 Chordates
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 35.5 Nervous System Disorders
auditory ossicles 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) 35.5 Nervous System Disorders
autoimmune response 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
autonomic nervous system 35.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
avidity 42.3 Antibodies
axillary bud 30.2 Stems
B
B horizon 31.2 The Soil
background extinction 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
Ball-and-socket joints 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
bark 30.2 Stems
basal metabolic rate (BMR) 33.1 Animal Form and Function
base 2.2 Water
Batesian mimicry 45.6 Community Ecology
bedrock 31.2 The Soil
Behavioral isolation 18.2 Formation of New Species
bicarbonate ions (HCO 3 ) (HCO 3 ) 39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
binary (prokaryotic) fission 10.5 Prokaryotic Cell Division
binomial nomenclature 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
Biodiversity hotspots 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
biogeochemical cycle 46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
biological community 44.1 The Scope of Ecology
biological macromolecules 3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
Biological nitrogen fixation 22.5 Beneficial Prokaryotes
bioluminescence 23.3 Groups of Protists
bipolar neurons 36.3 Taste and Smell
blood urea nitrogen 41.4 Nitrogenous Wastes
Bone 38.2 Bone
Bone remodeling 38.2 Bone
boreal forest 44.3 Terrestrial Biomes
bottleneck effect 19.2 Population Genetics
Brumation 29.4 Reptiles
Bryophytes 25.3 Bryophytes
Buffers 2.2 Water
bulb 30.2 Stems
C
C horizon 31.2 The Soil
caecilians 29.3 Amphibians
Calcification 38.2 Bone
calorie 2.2 Water
cAMP-dependent kinase (A-kinase) 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
candela 36.5 Vision
capillary action 2.2 Water
capsule 25.3 Bryophytes
carbohydrates 3.2 Carbohydrates
carrier protein 5.2 Passive Transport
Cartilaginous joints 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
Casparian strip 30.3 Roots
catabolite activator protein (CAP) 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
cell cycle 10.2 The Cell Cycle
cell plate 10.2 The Cell Cycle
cell-cycle checkpoints 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
cell-mediated immune response 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
cellular cloning 17.1 Biotechnology
Cellulose 3.2 Carbohydrates
central dogma 15.1 The Genetic Code
central vacuole 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
centrioles 10.2 The Cell Cycle
centromere 10.1 Cell Division
Cephalochordata 29.1 Chordates
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 35.3 The Central Nervous System
Channel proteins 5.2 Passive Transport
chaperones 3.4 Proteins
Charophytes 25.1 Early Plant Life
chemical diversity 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
chlorophyll 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
Chlorophytes 25.1 Early Plant Life
Chloroplasts 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
Chordata 29.1 Chordates
chorioallantoic placenta 29.6 Mammals
chorion 29.4 Reptiles
chromatids 10.1 Cell Division
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance 13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage
chronic infections 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
chytridiomycosis 47.3 Threats to Biodiversity
circadian 36.5 Vision
cleavage furrow 10.2 The Cell Cycle
climax community 45.6 Community Ecology
closed circulatory system 40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System
coenzymes 6.5 Enzymes
cofactors 6.5 Enzymes
cohesion 2.2 Water
Collenchyma cells 30.2 Stems
columella 29.5 Birds
Columnar epithelial 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
Compact bone 38.2 Bone
Companion cells 30.2 Stems
competitive exclusion principle 45.6 Community Ecology
competitive inhibition 6.5 Enzymes
complement system 42.1 Innate Immune Response
complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries 17.2 Mapping Genomes
compliance 39.3 Breathing
compound leaf 30.4 Leaves
concentration gradient 5.2 Passive Transport
conceptual model 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
condensin proteins 10.2 The Cell Cycle
cones 36.5 Vision
Conifers 26.2 Gymnosperms
Connective tissues 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
Conservation biogeography 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
Contour feathers 29.5 Birds
contractile vacuoles 23.3 Groups of Protists
convergent evolution 18.1 Understanding Evolution
Coral reefs 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
Corms 30.2 Stems
cornea 36.5 Vision
countercurrent multiplier 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
Craniata (or Vertebrata) 29.1 Chordates
cranium 29.1 Chordates
Crocodilia 29.4 Reptiles
Cross reactivity 42.3 Antibodies
cryptofauna 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
Cuboidal epithelial 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
Cushing’s disease 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
cyclic AMP (cAMP) 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
cyclin-dependent kinases 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
Cytogenetic mapping 17.2 Mapping Genomes
cytopathic effects 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
cytoskeleton 4.5 The Cytoskeleton
cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
D
dead space 39.3 Breathing
Deductive reasoning 1.1 The Science of Biology
demographic-based models 45.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation
denaturation 3.4 Proteins
denature 6.5 Enzymes
dentary 29.6 Mammals
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 3.5 Nucleic Acids
dephosphorylation 7.1 Energy in Living Systems
Dermal tissue 30.1 The Plant Body
Descriptive (or discovery) science 1.1 The Science of Biology
detrital food web 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
diabetogenic effect 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
diacylglycerol (DAG) 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
diaphysis 38.2 Bone
dideoxynucleotides 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
Dinosaurs 29.4 Reptiles
dioecious 26.2 Gymnosperms
diphyodonts 29.6 Mammals
directional selection 19.3 Adaptive Evolution
Disaccharides 3.2 Carbohydrates
dissociation 2.2 Water
distal convoluted tubule (DCT) 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
divergent evolution 18.1 Understanding Evolution
diversifying selection 19.3 Adaptive Evolution
dorsal hollow nerve cord 29.1 Chordates
double fertilization 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
down feathers 29.5 Birds
down-regulation 37.2 How Hormones Work
E
Eccrine glands 29.6 Mammals
Ecological biogeography 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
ecosystem diversity 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
ecosystem dynamics 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
Ecosystem ecology 44.1 The Scope of Ecology
Ectomycorrhizae 24.3 Ecology of Fungi
ectotherms 29.4 Reptiles
elastic recoil 39.3 Breathing
elastic work 39.3 Breathing
electrocardiogram (ECG) 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
electrochemical gradient 5.3 Active Transport
electrogenic pump 5.3 Active Transport
electron microscopes 4.1 Studying Cells
embryonic mesoderm 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
embryophytes 25.1 Early Plant Life
Emergent vegetation 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
Emsleyan/Mertensian mimicry 45.6 Community Ecology
Enantiomers 2.3 Carbon
end-Permian extinction 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
Endochondral ossification 38.2 Bone
endocrine glands 37.5 Endocrine Glands
Endocytosis 5.4 Bulk Transport
endodermis 30.3 Roots
Endomycorrhizae 24.3 Ecology of Fungi
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins
endosymbiosis 23.1 Eukaryotic Origins
endosymbiotic theory 23.1 Eukaryotic Origins
endotherms 29.4 Reptiles
environmental disturbances 45.6 Community Ecology
Enzymes 3.4 Proteins
epidermis 30.2 Stems
epiphyseal plate 38.2 Bone
epiphyses 38.2 Bone
Epithelial tissues 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
Erythropoietin (EPO) 37.5 Endocrine Glands
eukaryotic cells 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
evaporation 2.2 Water
evolutionary (Darwinian) fitness 19.3 Adaptive Evolution
excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) 35.2 How Neurons Communicate
Exocytosis 5.4 Bulk Transport
expiratory reserve volume (ERV) 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
expressed sequence tag (EST) 17.2 Mapping Genomes
external fertilization 43.2 Fertilization
extinction rates 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
F
facilitated transport 5.2 Passive Transport
facultative anaerobes 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
Feedback inhibition 6.5 Enzymes
Fibrous connective tissues 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
fibrous root system 30.3 Roots
filament 26.3 Angiosperms
first messenger 37.2 How Hormones Work
Flat bones 38.2 Bone
Flow-resistive 39.3 Breathing
fluid mosaic model 5.1 Components and Structure
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
forced expiratory volume (FEV) 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
foreign DNA 17.1 Biotechnology
Forest Stewardship Council 47.3 Threats to Biodiversity
Foundation species 45.6 Community Ecology
founder effect 19.1 Population Evolution
fovea 36.5 Vision
free nerve ending 36.2 Somatosensation
frequency-dependent selection 19.3 Adaptive Evolution
Functional groups 2.3 Carbon
functional residual capacity (FRC) 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
functional vital capacity (FVC) 39.3 Breathing
furcula 29.5 Birds
G
G2 of Interphase 10.2 The Cell Cycle
gastric inhibitory peptide 34.4 Digestive System Regulation
gastrovascular cavity 34.1 Digestive Systems
Gene targeting 17.1 Biotechnology
gene transfer agents (GTAs) 20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
genetic diagnosis 17.1 Biotechnology
Genetic diversity 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
genetic drift 19.2 Population Genetics
Genetic engineering 17.1 Biotechnology
genetic map 17.2 Mapping Genomes
genetic marker 17.2 Mapping Genomes
genetic recombination 17.2 Mapping Genomes
genetic structure 19.1 Population Evolution
genetic testing 17.1 Biotechnology
genetic variability 19.2 Population Genetics
genetically modified organism 17.1 Biotechnology
genome annotation 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
Genome mapping 17.2 Mapping Genomes
genomic libraries 17.2 Mapping Genomes
geographical variation 19.2 Population Genetics
Geometric isomers 2.3 Carbon
ginkgophytes 26.2 Gymnosperms
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
glucose-sparing effect 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
GLUT (glucose transporter) proteins 7.7 Regulation of Cellular Respiration
GLUT proteins 7.2 Glycolysis
Glycolysis 7.2 Glycolysis
glycosidic bond 3.2 Carbohydrates
gnathostomes 29.1 Chordates, 29.2 Fishes
gnetophytes 26.2 Gymnosperms
Golgi tendon organs 36.2 Somatosensation
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) 43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
Gondwana 29.3 Amphibians
good genes hypothesis 19.3 Adaptive Evolution
gradual speciation model 18.3 Reconnection and Speciation Rates
grazing food web 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
Great Barrier Reef 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
gross primary productivity 46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
Ground tissue 30.1 The Plant Body
Growth hormone (GH) 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
guard cells 30.2 Stems
Gymnosperms 26.2 Gymnosperms
H
habitat isolation 18.2 Formation of New Species
handicap principle 19.3 Adaptive Evolution
haplodiplontic 25.1 Early Plant Life
Haversian canal 38.2 Bone
heat of vaporization 2.2 Water
helper T (TH) lymphocytes 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
herbaceous 26.3 Angiosperms
Hermaphroditism 43.1 Reproduction Methods
heterospecifics 44.1 The Scope of Ecology
histone acetylation 16.7 Cancer and Gene Regulation
histone proteins 10.1 Cell Division
Historical biogeography 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
holistic ecosystem model 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
Holocene, mass extinction 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
homeotherms 29.4 Reptiles
Homo sapiens sapiens 29.7 The Evolution of Primates
homologous 10.1 Cell Division
homologous structures 18.1 Understanding Evolution
honest signal 19.3 Adaptive Evolution
horizon 31.2 The Soil
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) 20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
horizontal transmission 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
Hormones 3.4 Proteins
human beta chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) 43.5 Human Pregnancy and Birth
human growth hormone (HGH or hGH) 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
humoral immune response 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
hybrid inviability 18.2 Formation of New Species
Hydrocarbons 2.3 Carbon
hydrostatic skeleton 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
hydrothermal vent 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
hyperopia 36.5 Vision
hypophyseal portal system 37.5 Endocrine Glands
hypothesis-based science 1.1 The Science of Biology
I
inbreeding depression 19.2 Population Genetics
incomplete dominance 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
induced fit 6.5 Enzymes
Induced mutations 14.6 DNA Repair
Inductive reasoning 1.1 The Science of Biology
inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) 35.2 How Neurons Communicate
Innate immunity 42.1 Innate Immune Response
Inorganic nutrients 44.2 Biogeography
inositol phospholipids 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
inositol triphosphate (IP3) 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
Integral proteins 5.1 Components and Structure
integument 26.2 Gymnosperms
Intercalary meristems 30.1 The Plant Body
intercostal muscles 39.3 Breathing
Intermediate filaments 4.5 The Cytoskeleton
internal fertilization 43.2 Fertilization
internode 30.2 Stems
interphase 10.2 The Cell Cycle
interspecific competition 45.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation
interstitial cells of Leydig 43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
intertidal zone 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
Intervertebral discs 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
intracellular hormone receptors 37.2 How Hormones Work
Intramembranous ossification 38.2 Bone
intrapleural space 39.3 Breathing
Ion channel-linked receptors 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
Irregular bones 38.2 Bone
island biogeography 45.6 Community Ecology
islets of Langerhans 37.5 Endocrine Glands
isomerase 7.2 Glycolysis
isomers 2.3 Carbon
L
lamellae 38.2 Bone
lamina 30.4 Leaves
large intestine 34.1 Digestive Systems
late Devonian extinction 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
lateral line 29.2 Fishes
Lateral meristems 30.1 The Plant Body
Laurasia 29.3 Amphibians
Laurentia 29.3 Amphibians
law of dominance 12.3 Laws of Inheritance
law of independent assortment 12.3 Laws of Inheritance
law of segregation 12.3 Laws of Inheritance
lenticels 30.2 Stems
lepidosaurs 29.4 Reptiles
light microscopes 4.1 Studying Cells
light-dependent reactions 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
light-independent reactions 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
linkage analysis 17.2 Mapping Genomes
lipid hormones 37.1 Types of Hormones
Lipids 3.3 Lipids
litmus 2.2 Water
Liverworts 25.3 Bryophytes
Long bones 38.2 Bone
Long-term depression (LTD) 35.2 How Neurons Communicate
Long-term potentiation (LTP) 35.2 How Neurons Communicate
Loose connective tissue 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
Lophotrochozoa 27.3 Animal Phylogeny
lysis buffer 17.1 Biotechnology
M
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I molecules 42.1 Innate Immune Response
Malpighian tubules 41.3 Excretion Systems
Mammals 29.6 Mammals
Mammary glands 29.6 Mammals
mark and recapture 45.1 Population Demography
mass extinctions 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
materials and methods 1.1 The Science of Biology
mechanoreceptor 36.1 Sensory Processes
megasporocyte 26.2 Gymnosperms
Meissner’s corpuscles 36.2 Somatosensation
membrane potential 35.2 How Neurons Communicate
Meristematic tissue 30.1 The Plant Body
Merkel’s disks 36.2 Somatosensation
messenger RNA (mRNA) 3.5 Nucleic Acids
Metagenomics 17.4 Applying Genomics
metaphase plate 10.2 The Cell Cycle
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) 22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans
MHC II molecules 42.1 Innate Immune Response
microfilaments 4.5 The Cytoskeleton
Micropropagation 32.3 Asexual Reproduction
microsatellite polymorphisms 17.2 Mapping Genomes
microscope 4.1 Studying Cells
microsporocytes 26.2 Gymnosperms
microtubules 4.5 The Cytoskeleton
midsagittal plane 33.1 Animal Form and Function
mineral soils 31.2 The Soil
mismatch repair 14.6 DNA Repair
mitochondria 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
mitotic phase 10.2 The Cell Cycle
mitotic spindle 10.2 The Cell Cycle
modern synthesis 19.1 Population Evolution
Monosaccharides 3.2 Carbohydrates
monosulcate 26.3 Angiosperms
monotremes 29.6 Mammals
morganucodonts 29.6 Mammals
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
Müllerian mimicry 45.6 Community Ecology
multiple cloning site (MCS) 17.1 Biotechnology
Muscle spindles 36.2 Somatosensation
Mutations 14.6 DNA Repair
Myopia 36.5 Vision
Myxini 29.2 Fishes
N
natural killer (NK) cells 42.1 Innate Immune Response
natural sciences 1.1 The Science of Biology
Natural selection 18.1 Understanding Evolution
Nature Conservancy 47.4 Preserving Biodiversity
negative feedback loop 33.3 Homeostasis
negative regulators 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
nematocysts 28.2 Phylum Cnidaria
Neornithes 29.5 Birds
nephridiopore 41.3 Excretion Systems
neritic zone 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
Net consumer productivity 46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
Net production efficiency (NPE) 46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
Neurodegenerative disorders 35.5 Nervous System Disorders
next-generation sequencing 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
nitrogen fixation 22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism
nociception 36.2 Somatosensation
Nodes 30.2 Stems
nodes of Ranvier 35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
non-endospermic dicots 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
non-vascular plants 25.1 Early Plant Life
noncompetitive inhibition 6.5 Enzymes
nonrandom mating 19.2 Population Genetics
nonrenewable resource 46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
nonsense codons 15.1 The Genetic Code
nontemplate strand 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
Northern blotting 17.1 Biotechnology
notochord 29.1 Chordates
nuclear envelope 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleic acids 3.5 Nucleic Acids
nucleoplasm 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
nucleosome 10.1 Cell Division
nucleotide excision repair 14.6 DNA Repair
nucleotides 3.5 Nucleic Acids
O
O horizon 31.2 The Soil
obligate anaerobes 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
Obstructive diseases 39.3 Breathing
Ocean upwelling 44.2 Biogeography
olfactory bulb 36.3 Taste and Smell
olfactory epithelium 36.3 Taste and Smell
olfactory receptor 36.3 Taste and Smell
Oligodendrocytes 35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
Omega 3.3 Lipids
one-child policy 45.5 Human Population Growth
open circulatory system 40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System
Ordovician-Silurian extinction 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
organic molecules 2.3 Carbon
organic soils 31.2 The Soil
Ornithorhynchidae 29.6 Mammals
Ornithurae 29.5 Birds
osseous tissue 38.2 Bone
Ossification 38.2 Bone
Osteichthyes 29.2 Fishes
Osteoblasts 38.2 Bone
Osteoclasts 38.2 Bone
Osteocytes 38.2 Bone
Osteoprogenitor cells 38.2 Bone
oviparity 43.2 Fertilization
ovoviviparity 43.2 Fertilization
ovulate cones 26.2 Gymnosperms
oxidative phosphorylation 7.1 Energy in Living Systems
oxygen 2.2 Water
P
Pacinian corpuscles 36.2 Somatosensation
pairwise-end sequencing 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
palmately compound leaf 30.4 Leaves
Pangaea 29.3 Amphibians
parabronchi 29.5 Birds
parafollicular cells 37.5 Endocrine Glands
paraphyletic group Introduction, 26.2 Gymnosperms
parasympathetic nervous system 35.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
parathyroid glands 37.5 Endocrine Glands
parathyroid hormone (PTH) 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
Parenchyma cells 30.2 Stems
parent material 31.2 The Soil
Parkinson’s disease 35.5 Nervous System Disorders
Parthenogenesis 43.1 Reproduction Methods
particulate matter 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
passive immunity 42.3 Antibodies
Passive transport 5.2 Passive Transport
pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) 42.1 Innate Immune Response
pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) 42.1 Innate Immune Response
Peer-reviewed manuscripts 1.1 The Science of Biology
pelagic realm 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
peptide bond 3.4 Proteins
peptide hormones 37.1 Types of Hormones
perfect flowers 26.3 Angiosperms
pericycle 30.3 Roots
periderm 30.2 Stems
Peripheral proteins 5.1 Components and Structure
peritubular capillary network 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
permanent tissue 30.1 The Plant Body
Peroxisomes 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
petiole 30.4 Leaves
Petromyzontida 29.2 Fishes
pH scale 2.2 Water
Pharmacogenomics 17.4 Applying Genomics
Pharyngeal slits 29.1 Chordates
phosphoanhydride bonds 6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
phosphodiester 3.5 Nucleic Acids
Phospholipids 3.3 Lipids
photic zone 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
phyllotaxy 30.4 Leaves
phylogenetic tree 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
physical map 17.2 Mapping Genomes
physical sciences 1.1 The Science of Biology
physiological dead space 39.3 Breathing
Phytoplankton 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
Pinnately compound leaves 30.4 Leaves
pinocytosis 5.4 Bulk Transport
pioneer species 45.6 Community Ecology
pith 30.2 Stems
pituitary gland 37.5 Endocrine Glands
pituitary stalk 37.5 Endocrine Glands
planktivores 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
plasma membrane 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
plasma membrane hormone receptors 37.2 How Hormones Work
plasmolysis 5.2 Passive Transport
plastron 29.4 Reptiles
Pleistocene Extinction 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
Pleurisy 39.3 Breathing
Pneumatic bones 29.5 Birds
polar microtubules 10.2 The Cell Cycle
polynucleotide 3.5 Nucleic Acids
polysaccharide 3.2 Carbohydrates
population density 45.1 Population Demography
population genetics 19.1 Population Evolution
population size (N) 45.1 Population Demography
population variation 19.2 Population Genetics
positive feedback loop 33.3 Homeostasis
positive regulators 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
post-anal tail 29.1 Chordates
post-transcriptional 16.1 Regulation of Gene Expression
posterior pituitary 37.5 Endocrine Glands
postzygotic barrier 18.2 Formation of New Species
potocytosis 5.4 Bulk Transport
preening 29.5 Birds
presbyopia 36.5 Vision
prezygotic barrier 18.2 Formation of New Species
primary (main) bronchi 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
Primary active transport 5.3 Active Transport
primary consumers 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
Primary feathers 29.5 Birds
primary growth 30.2 Stems
primary producers 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
primary structure 3.4 Proteins
primary succession 45.6 Community Ecology
prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
proofreading 14.6 DNA Repair
proteases 17.1 Biotechnology
protein signature 17.5 Genomics and Proteomics
Proteins 3.4 Proteins
protonema 25.3 Bryophytes
proventriculus 34.1 Digestive Systems
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
pseudostratified 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
pterosaurs 29.4 Reptiles
pulmocutaneous circulation 40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System
pure culture 17.4 Applying Genomics
pygostyle 29.5 Birds
pyruvate 7.2 Glycolysis
R
Radiation hybrid mapping 17.2 Mapping Genomes
receptor potential 36.1 Sensory Processes
receptor-mediated endocytosis 5.4 Bulk Transport
recombinant DNA 17.1 Biotechnology
recombinant proteins 17.1 Biotechnology
recombination nodules 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
recruitment 39.3 Breathing
reductional division 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
refractory period 35.2 How Neurons Communicate
regulatory T (Treg) cells 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
relative fitness 19.3 Adaptive Evolution
Relative species abundance 45.6 Community Ecology
Reproductive cloning 17.1 Biotechnology
reproductive isolation 18.2 Formation of New Species
respiratory bronchioles 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
respiratory distress syndrome 39.3 Breathing
respiratory rate 39.3 Breathing
respiratory trees 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
Restriction endonucleases 17.1 Biotechnology
restriction fragment length polymorphisms 17.2 Mapping Genomes
restrictive diseases 39.3 Breathing
retina 36.5 Vision
retinoblastoma protein (Rb) 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) 17.1 Biotechnology
Review articles 1.1 The Science of Biology
rhizoids 25.3 Bryophytes
rhizome 30.2 Stems
rhizosphere 31.2 The Soil
Rho-dependent termination 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
Rho-independent termination 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
rhodopsin 36.5 Vision
ribonucleases 17.1 Biotechnology
ribonucleic acid (RNA) 3.5 Nucleic Acids
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 3.5 Nucleic Acids
RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
root cap 30.3 Roots
Root hairs 30.3 Roots
root system 30.1 The Plant Body
Rotational movement 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) 4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins
Ruffini endings 36.2 Somatosensation
Runners 30.2 Stems
S
Salamanders 29.3 Amphibians
salivary amylase 34.1 Digestive Systems
saltatory conduction 35.2 How Neurons Communicate
Sarcopterygii 29.2 Fishes
saturated fatty acid 3.3 Lipids
Sauropsids 29.4 Reptiles
scientific method 1.1 The Science of Biology
Sclerenchyma cells 30.2 Stems
scutes 29.4 Reptiles
Sebaceous glands 29.6 Mammals
Second messengers 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
Secondary active transport 5.3 Active Transport
Secondary consumers 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
Secondary feathers 29.5 Birds
Secondary growth 30.2 Stems
secondary structure 3.4 Proteins
secondary succession 45.6 Community Ecology
selection pressure 19.2 Population Genetics
selectively permeable 5.2 Passive Transport
semi-permeable membranes 41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
sensory receptor 36.1 Sensory Processes
sensory transduction 36.1 Sensory Processes
sensory-somatic nervous system 35.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
Sequence mapping 17.2 Mapping Genomes
Sesamoid bones 38.2 Bone
sessile 30.4 Leaves
set point 33.3 Homeostasis
sexual dimorphisms 19.3 Adaptive Evolution
sexual reproduction 43.1 Reproduction Methods
shared ancestral character 20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
shoot system 30.1 The Plant Body
Short bones 38.2 Bone
shotgun sequencing 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
sieve-tube cells 30.2 Stems
signal integration 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
signal transduction 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
signaling pathway 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
simple epithelia 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
simple leaf 30.4 Leaves
simulation model 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
single nucleotide polymorphisms 17.2 Mapping Genomes
Single-strand binding proteins 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
siphonophores 28.2 Phylum Cnidaria
small intestine 34.1 Digestive Systems
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) 4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins
soil profile 31.2 The Soil
solvent 2.2 Water
source water 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
Southern blotting 17.1 Biotechnology
Species dispersion patterns 45.1 Population Demography
Species richness 45.6 Community Ecology
species-area relationship 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
specific heat capacity 2.2 Water
spermatheca 43.2 Fertilization
spermatophore 29.3 Amphibians
Sphenodontia 29.4 Reptiles
sphere of hydration 2.2 Water
spongy bone 38.2 Bone
Spontaneous mutations 14.6 DNA Repair
sporopollenin 25.1 Early Plant Life
spring-and-fall turnover 44.2 Biogeography
Squamata 29.4 Reptiles
Squamous epithelial 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
stabilizing selection 19.3 Adaptive Evolution
standard metabolic rate (SMR) 33.1 Animal Form and Function
stele 30.3 Roots
stereoscopic vision 29.7 The Evolution of Primates
steroids 3.3 Lipids
stipules 30.4 Leaves
Stolons 30.2 Stems
stratified epithelia 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
Structural isomers 2.3 Carbon
substituted hydrocarbons 2.3 Carbon
substrate-level phosphorylation 7.1 Energy in Living Systems
substrates 6.5 Enzymes
Subtropical deserts 44.3 Terrestrial Biomes
superior colliculus 36.5 Vision
suprachiasmatic nucleus 36.5 Vision
surface tension 2.2 Water
Surfactant 39.3 Breathing
survivorship curve 45.1 Population Demography
Sutural bones 38.2 Bone
swim bladder 29.2 Fishes
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation 22.5 Beneficial Prokaryotes
sympathetic nervous system 35.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
Sympatric speciation 18.2 Formation of New Species
Synapsids 29.4 Reptiles
synaptic vesicles 35.2 How Neurons Communicate
synaptonemal complex 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
syrinx 29.5 Birds
T
Tachyglossidae 29.6 Mammals
tap root system 30.3 Roots
Telophase and Cytokinesis 10.2 The Cell Cycle
Temperate forests 44.3 Terrestrial Biomes
Temperate grasslands 44.3 Terrestrial Biomes
Temporal fenestrae 29.4 Reptiles
temporal isolation 18.2 Formation of New Species
Tendrils 30.2 Stems
terminal bronchioles 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
Terrestrial biomes 44.3 Terrestrial Biomes
terrestrial hypothesis 29.5 Birds
Tertiary consumers 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
tertiary structure 3.4 Proteins
Testudines 29.4 Reptiles
Tetrapod 29.1 Chordates
The chaparral 44.3 Terrestrial Biomes
thermocline 44.2 Biogeography
thermoregulation 33.3 Homeostasis
Thorns 30.2 Stems
thyroid gland 37.5 Endocrine Glands
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
Ti plasmids 17.1 Biotechnology
tonic activity 36.5 Vision
Tracheids 30.2 Stems
tragedy of the commons 47.3 Threats to Biodiversity
trans fat 3.3 Lipids
transcription 3.5 Nucleic Acids
transcription bubble. 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
transcriptional start site 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
Transfer RNA (tRNA) 3.5 Nucleic Acids
transgenic 17.1 Biotechnology
Transition substitution 14.6 DNA Repair
translation 3.5 Nucleic Acids
transport proteins 5.2 Passive Transport
transporters 5.3 Active Transport
Transversion substitution 14.6 DNA Repair
triacylglycerols 3.3 Lipids
Triassic–Jurassic 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
Trichomes 30.2 Stems
triglycerides 3.3 Lipids
trophic level transfer efficiency (TLTE) 46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
Tropical wet forests 44.3 Terrestrial Biomes
tryptophan (trp) operon 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
Tubers 30.2 Stems
Tumor suppressor genes 10.4 Cancer and the Cell Cycle
tunicates 29.1 Chordates
V
vascular bundle 30.1 The Plant Body
vascular cylinder 30.1 The Plant Body
vascular stele 30.1 The Plant Body
vascular tissue 30.1 The Plant Body
venation 30.4 Leaves
ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch 39.3 Breathing
vertebrae 29.1 Chordates
vertical transmission 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
Vessel elements 30.2 Stems
Vestibular sensation 36.1 Sensory Processes
vestigial structures 18.1 Understanding Evolution
viable-but-non-culturable 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
Vision 36.5 Vision
viviparity 43.2 Fertilization
vomerine teeth 29.3 Amphibians
Y
yolk sac 29.4 Reptiles
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